davisnotes/lo_emwaves.html

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<title>Light and Optics - Electromagnetic Waves - Physics 299</title>
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<body style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255,
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<center><img src="ULPhys1.gif" height="50" width="189"
align="texttop"> </center>
<h1>
<center>Electromagnetic Waves</center>
</h1>
<center></center>
<center><img src="celticbar.gif" height="22" width="576"> <br>
<br>
<font color="#ff0000"><i>"Basic research is what I am doing when I
don't know what I am doing"</i></font><br>
Wernher von Braun<br>
</center>
<img src="netbar.gif" height="40" width="100%" align="middle"> <br>
<br>
<ul>
<li> At the end of the nineteenth century <a
href="http://www.phy.hr/%7Edpaar/fizicari/xmaxwell.html">
James Clerk Maxwell</a> was responsible for bringing together
the work of Coulomb, Ampere, Faraday and others, to provide an
elegant theoretical description of electricity and magnetism.
&nbsp;Classical electromagnetism was described &nbsp;by four <i>"simple"</i>
equations known as <a href="lo_maxeqn.gif"> Maxwell's equations</a>
. &nbsp;These equations provided the <i>"explanation"</i> for
electromagnetic waves.<br>
<br>
</li>
<li>An electromagnetic wave is a transverse wave comprised of
oscillating Electric and Magnetic fields. &nbsp;Mathematically
the analysis of EM waves is rather complex. &nbsp;A plane
polarised electromagnetic wave traveling from left to right can
be represented as indicated below.</li>
<div align="center"><img src="lo_e_mag.gif" alt="emwave"
height="268" width="506" align="middle"> <br>
<div align="left"> The "traveling nature of the wave is
represented thus,<img src="lo_emwave.gif" alt="emwave2"
height="75" width="100" align="middle"> where <b>E </b>represents
the electric field and <b> H</b> the magnetic field.<br>
<br>
</div>
</div>
<li>Visible light is a very small part of the electromagnetic
spectrum. &nbsp;The full EM spectrum extends continuously from
the very low frequency <b>E</b> and <b>B </b>oscillations of
radio waves through microwaves, infra-red, visible light,
ultra-violet, X-rays &nbsp;to very high frequency gamma rays.<br>
<br>
<div align="center"><img src="lo_EMSpec.gif" alt="EM spectrum"
height="339" width="687" align="middle"> </div>
</li>
<br>
<li> The speed of electromagnetic waves (of all frequencies and
wavelengths) in a vacuum is equal to the speed of light, c = 3 x
10<sup>8 </sup> &nbsp;m/s. &nbsp;Speed, frequency (f) and
wavelength (<img alt="" src="lo_emwaves_eqn2.gif" style="width:
13px; height: 17px;" align="middle">) are related by the usual
relationship<br>
<br>
<div align="center"><img alt="loemwaveseqn2"
src="lo_emwaves_eqn2.jpg" height="55" width="120"></div>
</li>
<li>&nbsp;Using Maxwell's equations it can be shown that the speed
of light is given by <br>
</li>
</ul>
<div align="center"><img alt="loemwaveseqn1"
src="lo_emwaves_eqn1.jpg" height="90" width="134"></div>
<ul>
<br>
<br>
<li> Using Maxwell's decription of electromagnetic waves it is
possible to explain many of the properties of the interactions
of visible light with matter. &nbsp;The details of such
explanations are technically quite difficult &nbsp;and are
typically covered in senior level Physics courses. &nbsp;In the
following discussion we will investigate some of the
consequences of these properites,&nbsp;for example, the law of
reflection, law of refraction (Snell's law), total internal
reflection, dispersion, interference and diffraction. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>The electromagnetic spectrum NASA <a
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfXzwh3KadE">video</a>.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Maxwell brief biography <a
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjY1x5CDvD4&amp;list=PL5CvBU3RbkTfWpegYEnCOzbG-JTdu8Hpf">video.</a><br>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic waves <a
href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdoL8IOwJw0">video.</a><br>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
</ul>
<img src="netbar.gif" height="40" width="100%"><br>
<center>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-style: italic; color:
rgb(255, 0, 0);">"I've heard that the government wants to put
a tax on the mathematically ignorant. Funny, I thought that's
what the lottery was!"</span><br>
Gallagher<span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<img src="celticbar.gif" height="22" width="576"> <br>
&nbsp;
<p><i>Dr. C. L. Davis</i><br>
<i>Physics Department</i><br>
<i>University of Louisville</i><br>
<i>email</i>: <a href="mailto:c.l.davis@louisville.edu">c.l.davis@louisville.edu</a>
<br>
&nbsp; </p>
<p><img src="header-index.gif" height="51" width="92"> </p>
</center>
<p><br>
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