title: Miletus location: 37.530233 27.278369 gregorian_date: -499 BC year: -499 month: 0 day: 0 event: After a failed attack on the rebellious island of Naxos in 502 BC (on behalf of the Persians), Aristagoras, to save himself from the wrath of Persia, plans a revolt with the Milesians and the other Ionians. With the encouragement of Histiaeus (his father-in-law and former tyrant of Miletus), Aristagoras, governor of Miletus, induces the Ionian cities of Asia Minor to revolt against Persia, thus instigating the Ionian Revolt and beginning the Greco-Persian Wars between Greece and Persia. The pro-Persian tyrant of Mytilene is stoned to death. |
title: Sparta location: 37.07583303 22.42083165 gregorian_date: -499 BC year: -499 month: 0 day: 0 event: Aristagoras seeks help with the revolt against the Persians from Cleomenes I, the King of Sparta, but the Spartans are unwilling to respond. |
title: Imbros location: 40.156499374 25.83999664 gregorian_date: -499 BC year: -499 month: 0 day: 0 event: Miltiades the Younger, the ruler of the Thracian Chersonese, which has been under Persian suzerainty since approximately 514 BC, joins the Ionian revolt. He seizes the islands of Lemnos and Imbros from the Persians. |
title: Miletus location: 37.530233 27.278369 gregorian_date: -498 BC year: -498 month: 0 day: 0 event: Athens and Eretria respond to the Ionian plea for help against Persia and send troops. An Athenian and Eretrian fleet transports Athenian troops to Ephesus. There they are joined by a force of Ionians and march upon Sardis, the capital of Artaphernes (the satrap of Lydia and brother to Darius I of Persia). Artaphernes, who has sent most of his troops to besiege Miletus, is taken by surprise. However, Artaphernes is able to retreat to the citadel and hold it. Although the Greeks are unable to take the citadel, they pillage the town and set fires that burn Sardis to the ground. |
title: Salamis Cyprus location: 35.1833326 33.8999964 gregorian_date: -498 BC year: -498 month: 0 day: 0 event: Kaunos and Caria, followed by Byzantium and towns in the Hellespont also revolt against the Persians. Cyprus also joins the rebellion, as Onesilus removes his pro-Persian brother, Gorgos, from the throne of Salamis. |
title: Naxos (Sicily) location: 37.825 15.269 gregorian_date: -498 BC year: -498 month: 0 day: 0 event: After the assassination of Cleander, tyrant of Gela, power is transferred to his brother, Hippocrates, who subdues the Sicels and conquers the Chalcidian cities of Callipoli, Leontini, Naxos and Zancle (now known as Messina). He also captures the Syracusan city of Camarina, but is prevented from capturing Syracuse itself when Corinth and Corcyra interferes in the war. |
title: Tianjin location: 39.1249995 117.19499922 gregorian_date: -497 BC year: -497 month: 0 day: 0 event: The city of Tianjin is founded. |
title: Carthage location: 36.851829926 10.320498718 gregorian_date: -496 BC year: -496 month: 0 day: 0 event: Carthage and Rome make a treaty whereby Roman ships undertake not to trade to the west of Carthage while the Carthaginians undertake not to interfere in Latin politics. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: -496 BC year: -496 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Goujian of Yue defeats and banishes King Fuchai of Wu, gaining a temporary hegemony in ancient China during the Spring and Autumn Period. |
title: Circus Maximus location: 41.8859 12.4857 gregorian_date: -495 BC year: -495 month: 0 day: 0 event: A temple is built on the Circus Maximus, between the Aventine and Palatine hills, in Rome, in honour of the god Mercury. |
title: Lesbos location: 39.166666 26.333332 gregorian_date: -494 BC year: -494 month: 0 day: 0 event: Having successfully captured several of the revolting Greek city-states, the Persians under Artaphernes lay siege to Miletus. The decisive Battle of Lade is fought at the island of Lade, near Miletus' port. Although out-numbered, the Greek fleet appears to be winning the battle until the ships from Samos and Lesbos retreat. The sudden defection turns the tide of battle, and the remaining Greek fleet is completely destroyed. Miletus surrenders shortly thereafter, and the Ionian Revolt comes to an end. |
title: Didyma location: 37.384962 27.25643 gregorian_date: -494 BC year: -494 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Persians burn down the Temple of Apollo at Didyma. |
title: Chersonesos Taurica location: 44.61166422 33.49333136 gregorian_date: -494 BC year: -494 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Thracians and Scythians drive Miltiades the Younger from the Chersonesos. Miltiades loads five boats with his treasures and makes for Athens. One of the boats, captained by Miltiades' eldest son, Metiochos is captured. Metiochos is taken as a lifelong prisoner to Persia. |
title: Tiryns location: 37.592997628 22.793163494 gregorian_date: -494 BC year: -494 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Spartan king, Cleomenes I inflicts a severe defeat on Argos at Sepeia near Tiryns. |
title: Sardis location: 38.486331388 28.03749985 gregorian_date: -494 BC year: -494 month: 0 day: 0 event: The former tyrant of Miletus, Histiaeus is captured by the Persians and executed at Sardis by Artaphernes. |
title: Miletus location: 37.530233 27.278369 gregorian_date: -493 BC year: -493 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Athenian poet Phrynicus produces a tragedy on the ''Fall of Miletus''. The Athenian authorities ban the play from further production on the grounds of impiety. |
title: Mount Athos location: 40.154332716 24.32249871 gregorian_date: -492 BC year: -492 month: 0 day: 0 event: Mardonius loses some 300 ships in a storm off Mount Athos, which forces him to abandon his plans to attack Athens and Eretria. |
title: Sparta location: 37.07583303 22.42083165 gregorian_date: -491 BC year: -491 month: 0 day: 0 event: Darius I sends envoys to all Greek cities, demanding earth and water for vassalage which Athens and Sparta refuse however. |
title: Sparta location: 37.07583303 22.42083165 gregorian_date: -491 BC year: -491 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Greek city of Aegina, fearing the loss of trade, submits to Persia. The Spartan king, Cleomenes I tries to punish Aegina for its submission to the Persians, but the other Spartan king, Demaratus, thwarts him. |
title: University of Chicago location: 41.787163518 -87.593164294 gregorian_date: -491 BC year: -491 month: 0 day: 0 event: The construction of a relief begins in the Apadana, a ceremonial complex at Persepolis. The relief pictures Darius I and Xerxes I receiving tribute and is now displayed in the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. |
title: Aegean Sea location: 36.4666648 22.9499962 gregorian_date: -490 BC year: -490 month: 0 day: 0 event: Darius I sends an expedition, under Artaphernes and Datis the Mede across the Aegean to attack the Athenians and the Eretrians. Hippias, the aged ex-tyrant of Athens, is on one of the Persian ships in the hope of being restored to power in Athens. |
title: Anatolia location: 39 32 gregorian_date: -490 BC year: -490 month: 0 day: 0 event: When the Ionian Greeks in Asia Minor rebelled against Persia in 499 BC, Eretria joined Athens in sending aid to the rebels. As a result, Darius makes a point of punishing Eretria during his invasion of Greece. The city is sacked and burned and Darius enslaves its inhabitants. He intends the same fate for Athens. |
title: Sparta location: 37.07583303 22.42083165 gregorian_date: -490 BC year: -490 month: 0 day: 0 event: Before the Battle of Marathon, the Athenians send a runner, Pheidippides, to seek help from Sparta. However, the Spartans delay sending troops to Marathon because religious requirements (the Carnea) mean they must wait for the full moon. |
title: Sparta location: 37.07583303 22.42083165 gregorian_date: -490 BC year: -490 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Greek historian Herodotus, the main source for the Greco-Persian Wars, mentions Pheidippides as the messenger who runs from Athens to Sparta asking for help, and then runs back, a distance of over 240 kilometres each way. After the battle, he runs back to Athens to spread the news and raise the spirits. It is claimed that his last words before collapsing and dying in Athens are Chariete nikomen (Rejoice, we are victorious). |
title: Sardis location: 38.486331388 28.03749985 gregorian_date: -490 BC year: -490 month: 0 day: 0 event: Hippias dies at Lemnos on the journey back to Sardis after the Persian defeat. |
title: Sparta location: 37.07583303 22.42083165 gregorian_date: -490 BC year: -490 month: 0 day: 0 event: Cleomenes I is forced to flee Sparta when his plot against Demaratus is discovered, but the Spartans allow him to return when he begins gathering an army in the surrounding territories. However, by this time he has become insane, and the Spartans put him in prison. Shortly after, he commits suicide. He is succeeded as King of Sparta by a member of the Agiad house, his half-brother, Leonidas. |
title: Plataea location: 38.209332496 23.266832266 gregorian_date: -490 BC year: -490 month: 9 day: 12 event: September 12 – The Battle of Marathon takes place as a Persian army of more than 20,000 men is advised by Hippias to land in the Bay of Marathon, where they meet the Athenians supported by the Plataeans. The Persians are repulsed by 11,000 Greeks under the leadership of Callimachus and Miltiades. Some 6,400 Persians are killed at a cost of 192 Athenian dead. Callimachus, the war-archon of Athens, is killed in the battle. After the battle, the Persians return home. |
title: Paros location: 37.083333 25.1499994 gregorian_date: -489 BC year: -489 month: 0 day: 0 event: After his great victory in the Battle of Marathon, Miltiades leads a naval expedition to Paros to pay off a private score. However, the expedition is unsuccessful and, on his return, he is fined in a prosecution led by Xanthippus and put in prison where he dies of wounds received at Paros. |
title: Aegina location: 37.749997 23.4333316 gregorian_date: -487 BC year: -487 month: 0 day: 0 event: The island of Aegina and the city of Athens go to war. The island has earned the enmity of Athens by earlier submitting to the Persians. The Spartan King, Leotychidas, tries unsuccessfully to arrange a truce in the war. |
title: Huai River location: 32.4103 115.404 gregorian_date: -486 BC year: -486 month: 0 day: 0 event: The first part of the Grand Canal of China is built during the reign of King Fuchai of Wu. It links the Yangtze River with the Huai River, and is a measure to ship amble amount of supplies north for intended wars with the northern states of Song and Lu. |
title: Tehran location: 35.690997236 51.420498318 gregorian_date: -486 BC year: -486 month: 0 day: 0 event: The construction of a relief in the Apadana, a ceremonial complex at Persepolis, is finished. It shows Darius and Xerxes receiving tribute and is now kept in the Iranbustan Museum in Tehran. |
title: Persian Gulf location: 26.902829722 51.541831166 gregorian_date: -485 BC year: -485 month: 0 day: 0 event: Darius I, one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia, dies and is succeeded by his son, Xerxes I. During this time the Persian empire extends as far west as Macedonia and Libya and as far east as the Hyphasis (Beas) River; it stretches to the Caucasus Mountains and the Aral Sea in the north and to the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Desert in the south. |
title: Babylon location: 32.535164526 44.41916499 gregorian_date: -484 BC year: -484 month: 0 day: 0 event: Despite an attempt at rebellion, the land and city of Babylon remains solidly under Persian rule. |
title: Mount Athos location: 40.154332716 24.32249871 gregorian_date: -483 BC year: -483 month: 0 day: 0 event: Xerxes I of Persia is encouraged by his cousin and brother-in-law, Mardonius, supported by a strong party of exiled Greeks, to take revenge for the defeat that Darius I suffered at the hands of the Greeks at Marathon in 490 BC. In response, Xerxes prepares for a major expedition to crush the Greeks. To avoid a repeat of the significant losses to the Persian fleet that occurred in 492 BC, Xerxes has a canal cut through the promontory of Mount Athos. |
title: Megara Hyblaea location: 37.2039 15.1819 gregorian_date: -483 BC year: -483 month: 0 day: 0 event: Gelo, the tyrant of Syracuse conquers the nearby Sicilian cities of Euboea and Megara Hyblaea, selling their common people into slavery and bringing their oligarchs to Syracuse. |
title: Sardis location: 38.486331388 28.03749985 gregorian_date: -481 BC year: -481 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Persian King Xerxes I arrives at Sardis and begins to build up his great army and navy for the invasion of Greece. Egypt contributes 481 ships. |
title: Crete location: 35 25 gregorian_date: -481 BC year: -481 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Congress at the Isthmus of Corinth, under the presidency of Sparta, brings together a number of the Greek city states, who agree to the end of the war between Athens and Aegina. They also discuss the threat from the Persians. Athens is unwilling to place her forces under Sparta and its king Leonidas. Gelo, tyrant of Syracuse, wants high command, but Sparta and Athens refuse. However, during the Congress, Gelo has to withdraw due to Carthage's plans to invade Sicily. Finally, Themistocles agrees that Athens' navy serve under a Spartan admiral to achieve the unity of the Greek states. Nevertheless, Thebes and Thessaly are unwilling to support Athens against the Persians and Crete decides to remain neutral. |
title: Sardis location: 38.486331388 28.03749985 gregorian_date: -480 BC year: -480 month: 0 day: 0 event: May – King Xerxes I of Persia marches from Sardis and onto Thrace and Macedonia. |
title: Vale of Tempe location: 39.870329852 22.541331168 gregorian_date: -480 BC year: -480 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Greek congress decides to send a force of 10,000 Greeks, including hoplites and cavalry, to the Vale of Tempe, through which they believe the Persian army will pass. The force includes Lacedaemonians led by Euanetos and Athenians under Themistocles. Warned by Alexander I of Macedon that the vale can be bypassed elsewhere and that the army of Xerxes is overwhelming, the Greeks decide not to try to hold there and vacate the vale. |
title: Thermopylae location: 38.803163454 22.557664436 gregorian_date: -480 BC year: -480 month: 0 day: 0 event: A member of the Agiad royal family, and the son of King Cleombrotus and nephew of King Leonidas, Pausanias becomes regent for Leonidas' son, Pleistarchus, after Leonidas I is killed at Thermopylae. |
title: Boeotia location: 38.8999964 22.5333312 gregorian_date: -480 BC year: -480 month: 0 day: 0 event: Phocis and the coasts of Euboea are devastated by the Persians. Thebes and most of Boeotia join Xerxes. |
title: Aegina location: 37.749997 23.4333316 gregorian_date: -480 BC year: -480 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Athenian soldier and statesman, Aristides, as well as the former Athenian archon Xanthippus, return from banishment in Aegina to serve under Themistocles against the Persians. |
title: Thermopylae location: 38.803163454 22.557664436 gregorian_date: -480 BC year: -480 month: 0 day: 0 event: August – The Persians achieve a naval victory over the Greeks in an engagement fought near Artemisium, a promontory on the north coast of Euboea. The Greek fleet holds its own against the Persians in three days of fighting but withdraws southward when news comes of the defeat at Thermopylae. |
title: Thermopylae location: 38.803163454 22.557664436 gregorian_date: -480 BC year: -480 month: 0 day: 0 event: Breaking through the pass at Thermopylae from Macedonia into Greece, the Persians occupy Attica. |
title: Salamis Island location: 37.9333296 23.499998 gregorian_date: -480 BC year: -480 month: 0 day: 0 event: An eclipse of the sun discourages the Greek army from following up the victory of Salamis. Xerxes returns to Persia leaving behind an army under Mardonius, which winters in Thessaly. |
title: Veii location: 42.020999916 12.40083173 gregorian_date: -480 BC year: -480 month: 0 day: 0 event: Roman troops march against the Veintes. |
title: Carthage location: 36.851829926 10.320498718 gregorian_date: -480 BC year: -480 month: 0 day: 0 event: Xerxes encourages the Carthaginians to attack the Greeks in Sicily. Under the Carthaginian military leader, Hamilcar, Carthage sends across a large army. |
title: Himera location: 37.9666628 13.8166634 gregorian_date: -480 BC year: -480 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Greek city of Himera in Sicily, in its quarrel with Acragas, enlists Carthaginian support. With the help of Gelo, the tyrant of Syracuse, and Theron of Acragas, the Carthaginians are defeated in the Battle of Himera. After the defeat, Hamilcar kills himself. |
title: Persepolis location: 29.933996264 52.888163114 gregorian_date: -480 BC year: -480 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Imperial treasury at the Persepolis Palace is completed after a building time of thirty years. |
title: Aegina location: 37.749997 23.4333316 gregorian_date: -480 BC year: -480 month: 0 day: 0 event: A sculpture of a ''Dying warrior'' is made in the left corner of the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaea in Aegina (approximate date). Today, it is preserved at the ''Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek'' in Munich, Germany. |
title: Acropolis Museum location: 37.9677153958 23.723754105 gregorian_date: -480 BC year: -480 month: 0 day: 0 event: The sculpture of a ''Kritios Boy'' is made on Acropolis, Athens (approximate date). It is now preserved in the Acropolis Museum in Athens. |
title: Thermopylae location: 38.803163454 22.557664436 gregorian_date: -480 BC year: -480 month: 8 day: 11 event: August 11 – The Battle of Thermopylae ends in victory for the Persians under Xerxes. His army engulfs a force of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespiae under the Spartan King, Leonidas I. The Greeks under Leonidas resist the advance through Thermopylae of Xerxes' vast army. For two days Leonidas and his troops withstand the Persian attacks; he then orders most of his troops to retreat, and he and his 300-member royal guard fight to the last man. |
title: Peloponnese location: 37.343165294 22.351331928 gregorian_date: -480 BC year: -480 month: 9 day: 21 event: September 21 – The Persians sack Athens, whose citizens flee to Salamis and then Peloponnesus. |
title: Salamis Island location: 37.9333296 23.499998 gregorian_date: -480 BC year: -480 month: 9 day: 28 event: September 28 – The Battle of Salamis brings victory to the Greeks, whose Athenian general Themistocles lures the Persians into the Bay of Salamis, between the Athenian port-city of Piraeus and the island of Salamis. The Greek triremes then attack furiously, ramming or sinking many Persian vessels and boarding others. The Greeks sink about 200 Persian vessels while losing only about 40 of their own. The rest of the Persian fleet is scattered, and as a result Xerxes has to postpone his planned land offensives for a year, a delay that gives the Greek city-states time to unite against him. |
title: Arcadia location: 37.583331 22.249999 gregorian_date: -479 BC year: -479 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Persian commander Mardonius, now based in Thessaly, wins support from Argus and western Arcadia. He tries to win over Athens but fails. |
title: Boeotia location: 38.8999964 22.5333312 gregorian_date: -479 BC year: -479 month: 0 day: 0 event: 27 August – The Battle of Plataea in Boeotia ends the Persian invasions of Greece as the Persian general Mardonius is routed by the Greeks under Pausanias, nephew of the former Spartan King, Leonidas I. The Athenian contingent is led by the repatriated Aristides. Mardonius is killed in the battle and the Greeks capture enormous amounts of loot. Thebes is captured shortly thereafter and the Theban collaborators executed by Pausanias. |
title: Anatolia location: 39 32 gregorian_date: -479 BC year: -479 month: 0 day: 0 event: 27 August – Meanwhile at sea, the Persians are defeated by a Greek fleet headed by Leotychidas of Sparta and Xanthippus of Athens in the Battle of Mycale, off the coast of Lydia in Asia Minor. |
title: Potidaea location: 40.1999992 23.333332 gregorian_date: -479 BC year: -479 month: 0 day: 0 event: Potidaea is struck by a tsunami. |
title: Sparta location: 37.07583303 22.42083165 gregorian_date: -478 BC year: -478 month: 0 day: 0 event: Despite Spartan opposition, Athens is refortified as well as rebuilt after the Persian destruction of the city. |
title: Sparta location: 37.07583303 22.42083165 gregorian_date: -478 BC year: -478 month: 0 day: 0 event: While Pausanias is occupying Byzantium, his arrogance and his adoption of Persian clothing and manners offends the allies and raises suspicions of disloyalty. Pausanias is recalled to Sparta, where he is tried and acquitted of the charge of treason, but he is not restored to his command. |
title: Qufu location: 35.5999976 116.9833294 gregorian_date: -478 BC year: -478 month: 0 day: 0 event: A Temple of Confucius is established in (modern-day) Qufu. |
title: Sparta location: 37.07583303 22.42083165 gregorian_date: -477 BC year: -477 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Spartan co-ruler Leotychides and the Athenian leader Themistocles lead a fleet and army to reoccupy northern Greece and to punish the aristocratic family of the Aleuads for having aided the Persians. Leotychides is caught accepting a bribe during the operations in Thessaly. |
title: Delos location: 37.389331776 25.269332256 gregorian_date: -477 BC year: -477 month: 0 day: 0 event: Greek maritime cities around the Aegean Sea no longer wish to be under Spartan control and at Delos offer their allegiance, through Aristides, to Athens. They form the Delian League (also known as the Confederacy of Delos) with Cimon as their principal commander. |
title: Veii location: 42.020999916 12.40083173 gregorian_date: -477 BC year: -477 month: 0 day: 0 event: Roman forces in a stronghold on the Cremera River are defeated by an army of Veientes from the Etruscan city of Veii in the Battle of the Cremera. |
title: Arcadia location: 37.583331 22.249999 gregorian_date: -476 BC year: -476 month: 0 day: 0 event: Convicted in Sparta on the charge of accepting a bribe from the Aleudae family whilst leading an expedition to Thessaly against the family for their collaboration with the Persians, the Spartan King Leotychidas flees to the temple of Athena Alea in Tegea, Arcadia. A sentence of exile is passed upon him; his house is razed, and his grandson, Archidamus II, ascends the Spartan throne in his place. |
title: Skyros location: 38.8999964 24.5499978 gregorian_date: -475 BC year: -475 month: 0 day: 0 event: Cimon leads an Athenian attack on the island of Skyros and expels the indigenous inhabitants who are regarded as pirates. |
title: Thasos location: 40.68749725 24.653164054 gregorian_date: -475 BC year: -475 month: 0 day: 0 event: The painter Polygnotus of Thasos begins his work (approximate date). |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: -474 BC year: -474 month: 0 day: 0 event: Hiero I, tyrant of Sicily, allied with Aristodemus, the tyrant of Cumae, defeat the Etruscan navy in the Battle of Cumae as the Etruscans try to capture the Greek city of Cumae in Italy. This victory marks the end of the Etruscan aggression against the Greeks in southern Italy and saves the Greeks of Campania from Etruscan domination. |
title: Ischia location: 40.7313 13.8957 gregorian_date: -474 BC year: -474 month: 0 day: 0 event: Hiero builds Castello Aragonese on the island of Ischia. |
title: India location: 21 78 gregorian_date: -474 BC year: -474 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Xerxes I of Persia issues a decree, as dictated by Mordecai upon the king's secretaries, giving the Jews in every city the authority to unite to defend their lives against their opponents in all of the 127 provinces of the Persian Empire, stretching from India to Ethiopia. |
title: Euboea location: 38.499998 24.0 gregorian_date: -472 BC year: -472 month: 0 day: 0 event: Carystus in Euboea is forced to join the Delian League after the Athenians attack the city (approximate date). |
title: Policastro Bussentino location: 40.0666664 15.5166646 gregorian_date: -471 BC year: -471 month: 0 day: 0 event: The colony of Pixunte (''Pixous'') is founded in Magna Graecia. |
title: Sparta location: 37.07583303 22.42083165 gregorian_date: -470 BC year: -470 month: 0 day: 0 event: Suspected of plotting to seize power in Sparta by instigating a helot uprising, Pausanias takes refuge in the Temple of Athena of the Brazen House to escape arrest. The sanctuary is respected, but the Spartans wall in the sanctuary and starve Pausanias to death. |
title: Archaeological Museum of Olympia location: 37.6393807758 21.6242975028 gregorian_date: -470 BC year: -470 month: 0 day: 0 event: The construction of the Temple of Zeus, begins at Olympia, Greece. This includes the relief sculpture (of which fragments now remain at the Archaeological Museum of Olympia) of ''Apollo with battling Lapiths and centaurs'' (approximate date). |
title: Delphi Archaeological Museum location: 38.4801 22.4997 gregorian_date: -470 BC year: -470 month: 0 day: 0 event: The ''Charioteer'', in the Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi, is created in commemoration of a victory in the Pythian Games of 478 or 474 BC (approximate date). It is now preserved at the Delphi Archaeological Museum. |
title: Museum of Fine Arts Boston location: 42.336831986 -71.089832974 gregorian_date: -470 BC year: -470 month: 0 day: 0 event: Pan Painter makes a bell krater (an earthenware piece that is used to mix water and wine) which has a red-figure decoration of ''Artemis slaying Actaeon''. It is now preserved at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston (approximate date). |
title: Aegean Sea location: 36.4666648 22.9499962 gregorian_date: -469 BC year: -469 month: 0 day: 0 event: Themistocles, after being exiled from Athens, makes his way across the Aegean to Magnesia, an inland Ionian city under Persian rule. |
title: Tiryns location: 37.592997628 22.793163494 gregorian_date: -468 BC year: -468 month: 0 day: 0 event: Sparta faces trouble near home, chiefly from Arcadia with the support of Argos. Argos regains control of Tiryns. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: -468 BC year: -468 month: 0 day: 0 event: Zhou Zhen Ding Wang becomes the twenty-eighth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. |
title: Phaselis location: 36.52083125 30.551331128 gregorian_date: -466 BC year: -466 month: 0 day: 0 event: Kimon carries the war against Persia into Asia Minor and wins the Battle of the Eurymedon in Pamphylia. This is a decisive defeat of the Persians as Kimon's land and sea forces capture the Persian camp and destroy or capture the entire Persian fleet of 200 triremes (manned by Phoenicians). Many new allies of Athens are now recruited, such as the trading city of Phaselis on the Lycian-Pamphylian border. |
title: Apulia location: 41.005166646 16.507664636 gregorian_date: -466 BC year: -466 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Greek colony of Taras, in Magna Graecia, is defeated by the native population of Apulia. As a result, the Tarentine monarchy falls, with the installation of a democracy. |
title: Thasos location: 40.68749725 24.653164054 gregorian_date: -465 BC year: -465 month: 0 day: 0 event: Thasos revolts from the Delian League. The revolt arises from rivalry over trade with the Thracian hinterland and, in particular, over the ownership of a gold mine. Athens under Kimon lays siege to Thasos after the Athenian fleet defeats the Thasos fleet. |
title: Ancient Agora of Athens location: 37.97166278 23.720163786 gregorian_date: -465 BC year: -465 month: 0 day: 0 event: Tholos, west side of Ancient Agora of Athens, is built (approximate date). |
title: 464 BC Sparta earthquake location: 37.08 22.43 gregorian_date: -464 BC year: -464 month: 0 day: 0 event: Sparta suffers the effects of a severe earthquake leading to a large loss of life. |
title: Ithome location: 37.18499926 21.92166298 gregorian_date: -464 BC year: -464 month: 0 day: 0 event: When the Messenian helots (serfs) revolt against their Spartan masters following the severe earthquake, King Archidamus II organises the defence of Sparta. The helots fortify themselves at Mount Ithome. |
title: Libya location: 27.4 17.6 gregorian_date: -464 BC year: -464 month: 0 day: 0 event: Egypt seizes the opportunity created by the murder of Xerxes I to revolt against Persia. The revolt is led by Inaros, a Libyan. |
title: Macedonia (Greece) location: 40.749997 22.8999964 gregorian_date: -463 BC year: -463 month: 0 day: 0 event: In Athens, the democratic statesman Ephialtes and the young Pericles attempt to get the oligarchic Kimon ostracized for allegedly receiving bribes. Kimon is charged by Pericles and other democratic politicians with having been bribed not to attack the King of Macedonia (who may have been suspected of covertly helping the Thasian rebels). Though Kimon is acquitted, his influence on the Athenian people is waning. |
title: Magnesia Prefecture location: 39.3499986 22.9833294 gregorian_date: -463 BC year: -463 month: 0 day: 0 event: Themistocles, who is in exile, approaches the Persian King Artaxerxes I seeking Persian help in regaining power in Athens. Artaxerxes is unwilling to help him, but instead gives him the satrapy of Magnesia. |
title: Thasos location: 40.68749725 24.653164054 gregorian_date: -463 BC year: -463 month: 0 day: 0 event: After a two year siege, Thasos falls to the Athenians under Kimon who compels the Thasians to destroy their walls, surrender their ships, pay an indemnity and an annual contribution to Athens. |
title: Messenia location: 37.249999 21.83333 gregorian_date: -462 BC year: -462 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Spartans try to conquer the mountain stronghold of Mt Ithome in Messenia, where a large force of rebellious helots have taken refuge. They ask their allies from the Persian Wars, including the Athenians, to help. |
title: Sparta location: 37.07583303 22.42083165 gregorian_date: -462 BC year: -462 month: 0 day: 0 event: Kimon seeks the support of Athens' citizens to providing help to Sparta. Although Ephialtes maintains that Sparta is Athens' rival for power and should be left to fend for itself, Kimon's view prevails. Kimon then leads 4,000 hoplites to Mount Ithome. |
title: Areopagus location: 37.96999612 23.72083045 gregorian_date: -462 BC year: -462 month: 0 day: 0 event: Ephialtes passes a law in the Athenian ecclesia, which reforms the Areopagus, limiting its power to judging cases of homicide and religious crimes. He considers the Areopagus to be the centre of conservatism and Ephialtes' victory is seen as a defeat for the conservatives and the members of the oligarchy. |
title: Macedonia (Greece) location: 40.749997 22.8999964 gregorian_date: -462 BC year: -462 month: 0 day: 0 event: Argos, taking advantage of Spartan preoccupation with the revolt of its helots, finally conquers Mycenae. The inhabitants of the town are dispersed, with some finding their way into Macedonia. |
title: Sparta location: 37.07583303 22.42083165 gregorian_date: -461 BC year: -461 month: 0 day: 0 event: In Athens, Ephialtes and Pericles finally get agreement to the ostracism of Kimon, who had become unpopular for his unsuccessful pro-Spartan policy. |
title: Areopagus location: 37.96999612 23.72083045 gregorian_date: -461 BC year: -461 month: 0 day: 0 event: Ephialtes, with the support of Pericles, reduces the power of the Athenian Council of Areopagus (filled with ex-archons and so a stronghold of oligarchy) and transfers them to the people, i.e. the Council of Five Hundred, the Assembly and the popular law courts. The office of Judge is made a paid position and is recruited by lot from a list to which every citizen can have his name added. |
title: Boeotia location: 38.8999964 22.5333312 gregorian_date: -461 BC year: -461 month: 0 day: 0 event: Ephialtes is murdered by Aristodicus of Tanagra in Boeotia, who is said to have acted on behalf of members of the Athenian oligarchy. |
title: Persepolis location: 29.933996264 52.888163114 gregorian_date: -460 BC year: -460 month: 0 day: 0 event: The construction of the ceremonial complex of Apadana (the audience hall of Darius I and Xerxes I) in Persepolis is completed. |
title: Sparta location: 37.07583303 22.42083165 gregorian_date: -460 BC year: -460 month: 0 day: 0 event: The First Peloponnesian War breaks out between the Delian League (led by Athens) and a Peloponnesian alliance (led by Sparta), caused in part by Athens' alliance with Megara and Argos and the subsequent reaction of Sparta. The Athenians have built long walls for the Megarans to their port at Nisaea, thereby earning the enmity of Megara's old rival Corinth. |
title: Sparta location: 37.07583303 22.42083165 gregorian_date: -460 BC year: -460 month: 0 day: 0 event: Argos rises against Sparta. Athens supports Argos and Thessaly. The small force that is sent by Sparta to quell the uprising in Argos is defeated by a joint Athenian and Argos force at Oenoe. |
title: Rwanda location: -1.939662908 30.055666444 gregorian_date: 1000 AD year: 1000 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Hutu arrive in present-day Rwanda and Burundi, soon outnumbering the native Twa. |
title: North America location: 48.166666 -100.166666 gregorian_date: 1000 AD year: 1000 month: 0 day: 0 event: Leif Ericson lands in North America, calling it Vinland. |
title: Bangladesh location: 23 90 gregorian_date: 1000 AD year: 1000 month: 0 day: 0 event: Dhaka, Bangladesh, is founded. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1000 AD year: 1000 month: 0 day: 0 event: Sweyn I establishes Danish control over part of Norway. |
title: San Bartolomeo all'Isola location: 41.88749645 12.473664772 gregorian_date: 1000 AD year: 1000 month: 0 day: 0 event: Emperor Otto III makes a pilgrimage from Rome to Aachen and Gniezno (Gnesen), stopping at Regensburg, Meissen, Magdeburg, and Gniezno. The Congress of Gniezno (with Bolesław I Chrobry) is part of his pilgrimage. In Rome, he builds the basilica of San Bartolomeo all'Isola, to host the relics of St. Bartholomew. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1000 AD year: 1000 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Château de Goulaine vineyard is founded in France. |
title: India location: 21 78 gregorian_date: 1000 AD year: 1000 month: 0 day: 0 event: Kandariya Mahadeva temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India, is built. Chandela dynasty, Early Medieval period (approximate date). |
title: Kołobrzeg location: 54.1833326 15.583331 gregorian_date: 1000 AD year: 1000 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Diocese of Kołobrzeg is founded. |
title: Gniezno location: 52.5499978 17.5999976 gregorian_date: 1000 AD year: 1000 month: 0 day: 0 event: The archdiocese in Gniezno is founded; the first archbishop is Gaudentius (Radim), from Slavník's dynasty. |
title: Cairo location: 30.054833114 31.223999104 gregorian_date: 1000 AD year: 1000 month: 0 day: 0 event: Arab Muslim polymath and scientist, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), who is considered the father of optics, the pioneer of the scientific method, and the first scientist, moves from Baghdad to Cairo, where he invents the camera obscura, and writes his influential ''Book of Optics'', which introduces the scientific method, and drastically transforms the understanding of light, optics, vision, and science in general. |
title: Al-Andalus location: 41.5166646 -2.8166634 gregorian_date: 1000 AD year: 1000 month: 0 day: 0 event: Arab Muslim physician, Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), the father of modern surgery, publishes his influential 30-volume medical encyclopedia in Al-Andalus, the ''Al-Tasrif'', which remained a standard textbook in the Islamic world and medieval Europe for centuries. |
title: Cairo location: 30.054833114 31.223999104 gregorian_date: 1000 AD year: 1000 month: 0 day: 0 event: Arab Muslim mathematician and astronomer, Ibn Yunus, publishes his astronomical treatise ''Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir'' in Cairo. |
title: Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli location: 41.805663444 14.372331844 gregorian_date: 1000 AD year: 1000 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Bell foundry is founded in Italy by Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1000 AD year: 1000 month: 0 day: 0 event: Gunpowder is invented in China. |
title: Viking Age location: 61.0 -45.0 gregorian_date: 1000 AD year: 1000 month: 9 day: 9 event: September 9—Battle of Svolder: King Olaf Tryggvason is defeated by an alliance of his enemies, in this notable naval battle of the Viking Age. |
title: Aachen Cathedral location: 50.771496914 6.083999664 gregorian_date: 1001 AD year: 1001 month: 0 day: 0 event: Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor has Charlemagne's vault opened (see Aachen Cathedral). |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1001 AD year: 1001 month: 0 day: 0 event: The First Battle of Alton: Danish invaders defeat the British. |
title: Devon location: 50.7 -3.8 gregorian_date: 1001 AD year: 1001 month: 0 day: 0 event: Battle of Pinhoe: Vikings defeat Anglo-Saxons in Devon. |
title: Khotyn location: 48.499998 26.499998 gregorian_date: 1001 AD year: 1001 month: 0 day: 0 event: First reference to Khotyn, Ukrainian town and to Nyalka, Hungarian village, as to ''Chimudi''. |
title: Liaodi Pagoda location: 38.506164642 114.991329368 gregorian_date: 1001 AD year: 1001 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction begins on the Liaodi Pagoda, the tallest pagoda in Chinese history (completed in 1055). |
title: Philippines location: 14.583331 121.0 gregorian_date: 1001 AD year: 1001 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Buddhist ruler of Butuan in the Philippines (''P’u-tuan'' in the Sung Dynasty records), ''Sari Bata Shaja'', makes the first tributary mission to China. |
title: Tripoli location: 32.901329728 13.184832594 gregorian_date: 1001 AD year: 1001 month: 0 day: 0 event: Khazrun ben Falful from Maghrawa family Banu Khazrun begins ruling Tripoli. |
title: Huntingdonshire location: 52.416665 -0.249999 gregorian_date: 1001 AD year: 1001 month: 0 day: 0 event: A tomb of saint Ivo (possibly) is uncovered in Huntingdonshire. |
title: Old Dongola location: 18.2166658 30.749997 gregorian_date: 1002 AD year: 1002 month: 0 day: 0 event: Rafael of Makuria constructs a red brick building in Old Dongola. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1003 AD year: 1003 month: 0 day: 0 event: Sweyn I of Denmark begins his first invasion of England. |
title: Deutz Abbey location: 50.9380555556 6.96972222222 gregorian_date: 1003 AD year: 1003 month: 0 day: 0 event: Deutz Abbey is founded at Deutz by Heribert of Cologne. |
title: India location: 21 78 gregorian_date: 1003 AD year: 1003 month: 0 day: 0 event: The construction of Brihadeeswarar temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India, starts. Chola Dynasty, Early Medieval period. |
title: Vyšehrad location: 50.0583331 14.418664992 gregorian_date: 1003 AD year: 1003 month: 2 day: 9 event: February 9 – Boleslaus III of Bohemia is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland. In the following months Boleslav's brothers Jaromir and Oldrich flee to Germany and place themselves under the protection of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, while Boleslaus III of Bohemia orders massacre of his leading nobles at Vyšehrad. |
title: Kingdom of Aragon location: 41.6499974 -0.8999964 gregorian_date: 1004 AD year: 1004 month: 0 day: 0 event: Sancho III becomes king of Navarre, Aragon and Castille. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1005 AD year: 1005 month: 0 day: 0 event: Brian Boru makes a second expedition to the north to take hostages from the northern states: during this expeidion, he visited Armagh, making an offering of twenty ounces of gold to the church and confirming to the apostolic see of Saint Patrick, ecclesiastical supremacy over the whole of Ireland (as recorded in the Book of Armagh). |
title: Kent location: 51.19 0.73 gregorian_date: 1005 AD year: 1005 month: 0 day: 0 event: Ælfric of Abingdon leaves ships to the people of Wiltshire and Kent in his will, with his best one, equipped for sixty men, going to King Ethelred. |
title: Pomerania location: 54.29443 18.15312 gregorian_date: 1005 AD year: 1005 month: 0 day: 0 event: Pomerania revolts against the church. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1006 AD year: 1006 month: 0 day: 0 event: Granaries for famine relief are set up across China. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1006 AD year: 1006 month: 5 day: 1 event: May 1—The brightest supernova ever recorded, SN 1006, occurs in the constellation of Lupus. It is observed and described in China, Japan, the Middle East, Europe, and elsewhere. |
title: Shanghai location: 31.2333324 121.4666648 gregorian_date: 1007 AD year: 1007 month: 0 day: 0 event: Songjiang County, the later city of Shanghai, is founded (approximate date). |
title: Estonia location: 59 26 gregorian_date: 1008 AD year: 1008 month: 0 day: 0 event: Olav Haraldsson, the future king of Norway, lands on Saaremaa Island in Estonia, wins a battle there and forces the inhabitants to pay tribute. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1008 AD year: 1008 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Egyptian Fatimid Empire under Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah sends the sea captain Domiyat on a tributary mission to Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, in order to reestablish trade relations between Egypt and China. |
title: Korea location: 38.3166654 127.2333324 gregorian_date: 1009 AD year: 1009 month: 0 day: 0 event: The provinces of Goryeo (modern-day Korea) are redistributed. |
title: Mainz Cathedral location: 49.992662696 8.270998916 gregorian_date: 1009 AD year: 1009 month: 8 day: 29 event: August 29 - Mainz Cathedral suffers extensive damage from a fire on the day of its inauguration. |
title: Church of the Holy Sepulchre location: 31.7737302384 35.2245157686 gregorian_date: 1009 AD year: 1009 month: 10 day: 18 event: October 18—The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is destroyed by Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. |
title: Thanjavur location: 10.8 79.15 gregorian_date: 1010 AD year: 1010 month: 0 day: 0 event: The construction of Brihadeeswarar temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India, ends. Chola Dynasty, Early Medieval period. |
title: Iraq location: 33.0 44.0 gregorian_date: 1011 AD year: 1011 month: 0 day: 0 event: Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), a famous Iraqi scientist working in Egypt, feigns madness in fear of angering Al-Hakim, and is kept under house arrest until 1021. During this time he begins writing his influential ''Book of Optics''. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1012 AD year: 1012 month: 0 day: 0 event: Mael Morda starts a rebellion against Brian Boru in Ireland, which eventually ends in 1014 at the Battle of Clontarf. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1012 AD year: 1012 month: 4 day: 19 event: April 19—Archbishop Alphege of Canterbury is murdered by his Danish captors. |
title: Pomerania location: 54.29443 18.15312 gregorian_date: 1013 AD year: 1013 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Poles withdraw from Pomerania (approximate date). |
title: Al-Andalus location: 41.5166646 -2.8166634 gregorian_date: 1013 AD year: 1013 month: 0 day: 0 event: Estimation: Kaifeng, capital of China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Córdoba in Al-Andalus. |
title: Cairo location: 30.054833114 31.223999104 gregorian_date: 1013 AD year: 1013 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Al-Hakim Mosque is completed in Cairo. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1013 AD year: 1013 month: 12 day: 0 event: December – King Sweyn I leads a Danish invasion of England. King Ethelred flees to Normandy, and Sweyn becomes King of England. |
title: Kashmir location: 34.5 76 gregorian_date: 1014 AD year: 1014 month: 0 day: 0 event: In Kashmir, Abhinavagupta, the teacher of the poet Ksemendra, circulates his Greater commentary on the ''Pratyabhijna Darshana''. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1014 AD year: 1014 month: 4 day: 23 event: April 23—Battle of Clontarf: Gaelic Irish forces under Brian Boru defeat several allied Viking forces in Ireland, ending their power there but losing Brian in the battle. |
title: Battle of Kleidion location: 41.3666652 23.0166666 gregorian_date: 1014 AD year: 1014 month: 7 day: 29 event: July 29—Battle of Kleidion: Basil II inflicts not only a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, but his subsequent blinding of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of shock, and earns Basil II the sobriquet 'Boulgaroktonos' (Bulgar-slayer). |
title: Kievan Rus' location: 50.4499982 30.5166646 gregorian_date: 1015 AD year: 1015 month: 0 day: 0 event: Sviatopolk succeeds Vladimir as prince of Kiev. |
title: Kashmir location: 34.5 76 gregorian_date: 1015 AD year: 1015 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Ghaznavid army invades Kashmir, but is defeated. |
title: Kievan Rus' location: 50.4499982 30.5166646 gregorian_date: 1016 AD year: 1016 month: 0 day: 0 event: George Tsul, ruler of Khazaria, is captured by a combined Byzantine–Rus' force, which effectively ends Khazaria's existence. |
title: Battle of Brentford (1016) location: 51.473831438 -0.30416545 gregorian_date: 1016 AD year: 1016 month: 0 day: 0 event: Battle of Brentford: Edmund II gains a temporary victory over Canute the Great. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1016 AD year: 1016 month: 0 day: 0 event: Canute of Denmark and Edmund II divide England. |
title: Dome of the Rock location: 31.778 35.2354 gregorian_date: 1016 AD year: 1016 month: 0 day: 0 event: Earthquakes partly destroy the Dome of the Rock. |
title: Northumbria location: 55.0 -2.499998 gregorian_date: 1017 AD year: 1017 month: 0 day: 0 event: England is divided into the earldoms of Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia and Northumbria. |
title: Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev location: 50.45166486 30.508664632 gregorian_date: 1017 AD year: 1017 month: 0 day: 0 event: The construction of Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev is started (approximate date). |
title: Lothian location: 55.905496378 -3.083999664 gregorian_date: 1018 AD year: 1018 month: 0 day: 0 event: Battle of Carham: The Scots conquer Lothian. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1018 AD year: 1018 month: 0 day: 0 event: Canute the Great becomes king of Denmark (or 1019), succeeding Harald II. |
title: Buckfast Abbey location: 50.488998044 -3.771996912 gregorian_date: 1018 AD year: 1018 month: 0 day: 0 event: Buckfast Abbey is founded. |
title: Kievan Rus' location: 50.4499982 30.5166646 gregorian_date: 1019 AD year: 1019 month: 0 day: 0 event: Yaroslav the Wise becomes prince of Kievan Rus', succeeding Sviatopolk I. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1020 AD year: 1020 month: 0 day: 0 event: Henry II of Germany conducts his third Italian military campaign . |
title: Lahore location: 31.543164494 74.339498642 gregorian_date: 1021 AD year: 1021 month: 0 day: 0 event: Mahmud appoints Ayaz to the throne, making Lahore the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1021 AD year: 1021 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Song Dynasty Chinese capital city of Kaifeng has some half a million residents by this year; including all those present in the nine designated suburbs, the population is over a million people. |
title: Bengal location: 23.42 90.22 gregorian_date: 1021 AD year: 1021 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Chola Empire invades Bengal. |
title: Ifriqiya location: 35.0 7.0 gregorian_date: 1022 AD year: 1022 month: 0 day: 0 event: Al-Muizz ibn Badis begins to rule Ifriqiya in his own right. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1024 AD year: 1024 month: 0 day: 0 event: The world's first paper-printed money, which later greatly benefits the economy of the Song Dynasty, originates in the Sichuan province of China. |
title: Sumatra location: 0.0 102.0 gregorian_date: 1025 AD year: 1025 month: 0 day: 0 event: Srivijaya, a partly Buddhist kingdom based in Sumatra, is attacked by the Chola Empire of southern India in a dispute over trading rights in South-east Asia. It survives, but declines in importance. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1027 AD year: 1027 month: 5 day: 14 event: May 14—Henri I is crowned king of France at Reims Cathedral. |
title: Estonia location: 59 26 gregorian_date: 1030 AD year: 1030 month: 0 day: 0 event: The cities of Kaunas in Lithuania and Tartu in Estonia are founded. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1030 AD year: 1030 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Song Dynasty Chinese historian and scholar Ouyang Xiu obtains his ''jinshi'' degree at the age of only 22 by passing the highest level examinations in the country (his third attempt), leading him into a distinguished path as a scholar-official. |
title: Battle of Stiklestad location: 63.791330168 11.5666644 gregorian_date: 1030 AD year: 1030 month: 7 day: 29 event: July 29—Battle of Stiklestad (Norway): Olav Haraldsson loses to his pagan vassals and is killed in the battle. He is later canonized and becomes the patron saint of Norway and ''Rex perpetuum Norvegiae'' ('the eternal king of Norway'). |
title: Edessa Mesopotamia location: 37.1499994 38.7999968 gregorian_date: 1031 AD year: 1031 month: 0 day: 0 event: Byzantine general George Maniaces captures Edessa. |
title: Franche-Comté location: 47.0 6.0 gregorian_date: 1034 AD year: 1034 month: 0 day: 0 event: Franche-Comté becomes subject to the Holy Roman Empire. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1035 AD year: 1035 month: 0 day: 0 event: Harthacanute becomes king of Denmark. |
title: Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev location: 50.45166486 30.508664632 gregorian_date: 1037 AD year: 1037 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev is ended. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1038 AD year: 1038 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Western Xia declare their independence from Liao China. |
title: Weihenstephan location: 48.390331772 11.72333044 gregorian_date: 1040 AD year: 1040 month: 0 day: 0 event: The oldest brewery still active is founded at Weihenstephan. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1040 AD year: 1040 month: 0 day: 0 event: Printing using woodblocks is invented in China (approximate date). |
title: Battle of Dandanaqan location: 37.391933 61.345353 gregorian_date: 1040 AD year: 1040 month: 5 day: 23 event: May 23—Battle of Dandanaqan: Seljuk Turks defeat the Ghaznavids. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1042 AD year: 1042 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Normans in Italy move their capital to Melfi. |
title: Winchester Cathedral location: 51.056333108 -1.307832102 gregorian_date: 1043 AD year: 1043 month: 0 day: 0 event: Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1043 AD year: 1043 month: 0 day: 0 event: In Song Dynasty China, the statesmen Ouyang Xiu and Fan Zhongyan put forth the Qingli Reforms, which are halted by 1045. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1044 AD year: 1044 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Chinese military treatise of the ''Wujing Zongyao'' is written and compiled by scholars Zeng Gongliang (曾公亮), Ding Du (丁度), and Yang Weide (楊惟德) during the Song Dynasty. It is the first book in history to include formulas for gunpowder and its use for various bombs (thrown by sling or trebuchet catapult). It also describes the double-piston pump flamethrower and a thermoremanence compass, a few decades before Shen Kuo wrote of the first known magnetic mariners compass. Although emphasizing the importance of many weapons, it reserves high respect for the crossbow and ability of crossbowmen to fell charging units of nomadic cavalrymen. |
title: Westminster Abbey location: 51.492998028 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1045 AD year: 1045 month: 0 day: 0 event: Edward the Confessor marries Edith of Wessex and begins construction of Westminster Abbey. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1045 AD year: 1045 month: 0 day: 0 event: Movable type printing is invented by Bi Sheng in China. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1046 AD year: 1046 month: 0 day: 0 event: The famous Song Dynasty Chinese judge and magistrate Bao Qingtian writes a memorial to the throne, warning about governmental corruption and a foreseeable bankruptcy of the Chinese iron industry, if increasingly poorer families continued to be listed on the register for iron-smelting households (while more rich households avoid being listed for fear of financial calamity). Apparently the government heeds the warning, and produces more iron product by the year 1078 than China ever had before. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1047 AD year: 1047 month: 0 day: 0 event: Sweyn II is crowned king of Denmark. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1049 AD year: 1049 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction of the large Iron Pagoda in Kaifeng, China, is completed in this year during the Song Dynasty. |
title: Hedeby location: 54.487998048 9.55916443 gregorian_date: 1050 AD year: 1050 month: 0 day: 0 event: Hedeby is sacked by King Harald Hardråde of Norway during the course of a conflict with Sweyn II of Denmark. |
title: Finland location: 65 27 gregorian_date: 1050 AD year: 1050 month: 0 day: 0 event: Swedish forces attack Finland. |
title: Missouri location: 38.5 -92.5 gregorian_date: 1050 AD year: 1050 month: 0 day: 0 event: Punitavati (Karaikkalammaiyar), Shiva saint, from Karaikka, India, is made. It is now kept at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri (approximate date). |
title: Weltenburg Abbey location: 48.892663096 11.818496726 gregorian_date: 1050 AD year: 1050 month: 0 day: 0 event: The brewery of Weltenburg Abbey is first mentioned, thus making it one of the oldest still operating breweries in the world. |
title: Kyoto Prefecture location: 35.0666664 135.6166642 gregorian_date: 1053 AD year: 1053 month: 0 day: 0 event: Byodo-in, Uji, Kyoto Prefecture, is built. Heian period (approximate date). |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1054 AD year: 1054 month: 7 day: 4 event: July 4—The SN 1054 supernova is recorded by the Chinese, Arab and possibly Native Americans near the star ζ Tauri. For 23 days it remains bright enough to be seen in daylight. Its remnants form the Crab Nebula (NGC 1952). |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1054 AD year: 1054 month: 7 day: 16 event: July 16—Cardinal Humbertus, a representative of Pope Leo IX, and Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, decree each other's excommunication. Most historians look to this act as the final step in the initiation of the Great Schism between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christian Churches. In 1965, those excommunications are rescinded by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras when they meet in the Second Vatican Council. However, to this day each church claims to be the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church and each denies the other's right to that name. (See East-West Schism) |
title: Hebei location: 39.333332 116.6499974 gregorian_date: 1055 AD year: 1055 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction on the Liaodi Pagoda in Hebei is complete, the tallest pagoda in Chinese history standing at a height of 84 m (275 ft) tall. |
title: Aoudaghost location: 17.416665 -10.416665 gregorian_date: 1055 AD year: 1055 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Almoravids conquer Aoudaghost (present-day Mauritania). |
title: Lake Balaton location: 46.83333 17.7333304 gregorian_date: 1055 AD year: 1055 month: 0 day: 0 event: An abbey was set up at Tihany, Hungary by András (Andrew) I. The foundation charter was drawn up on the northern shore of Lake Balaton. This is the earliest written record extant in the Hungarian language. |
title: Baghdad location: 33.325 44.422 gregorian_date: 1055 AD year: 1055 month: 12 day: 18 event: December 18 – The Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad; Al-Malik al-Rahim is taken prisoner. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1056 AD year: 1056 month: 0 day: 0 event: Anselm leaves Italy. |
title: Shandong location: 36.499998 118.0 gregorian_date: 1056 AD year: 1056 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Pagoda of Fugong Temple of Shanxi in northern China is built during the Liao Dynasty. Work begins on the Pizhi Pagoda of Lingyan Temple, Shandong, China, under the opposing Song Dynasty. |
title: Burma location: 22 96 gregorian_date: 1057 AD year: 1057 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Anawrahta of Burma captures Thanton in northern Thailand, strengthening Theravada Buddhism in the country. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1060 AD year: 1060 month: 0 day: 0 event: Chinese poet, calligrapher, and official Cai Xiang publishes his ''Cha Lu'' (Record of Tea). |
title: Sennar location: 13.5499978 33.5999976 gregorian_date: 1060 AD year: 1060 month: 0 day: 0 event: Spanish Jew Benjamin of Tudela reports that Constantinople has merchant communities from Babylon, Canaan, Egypt, Hungary, Persia, Russia, Sennar, and Spain as well as 2,000 Jews (approximate date). |
title: Speyer Cathedral location: 49.3172 8.4424 gregorian_date: 1061 AD year: 1061 month: 0 day: 0 event: Erection of the Speyer Cathedral in Speyer, Germany, begins. |
title: Holland location: 52.25 4.667 gregorian_date: 1061 AD year: 1061 month: 0 day: 0 event: Most of West Frisia (later known as Holland) is conquered by imperial German armies and given to the Bishop of Utrecht. |
title: Marrakech location: 31.6333308 -8.0 gregorian_date: 1062 AD year: 1062 month: 0 day: 0 event: Marrakech is founded by the Almoravid dynasty. |
title: Affligem Abbey location: 50.9242 4.114 gregorian_date: 1062 AD year: 1062 month: 0 day: 0 event: Affligem Abbey, of the Order of St. Benedict, is founded in Affligem, Belgium. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1063 AD year: 1063 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Pizhi Pagoda of Lingyan Temple, Shandong, China is completed, standing at a height of 54 m (177 ft) tall. |
title: St Mark's Basilica location: 45.4345 12.3396 gregorian_date: 1063 AD year: 1063 month: 0 day: 0 event: The construction of present building of St Mark's Basilica is begun. |
title: Arizona location: 34 -112 gregorian_date: 1064 AD year: 1064 month: 0 day: 0 event: Sunset Crater Volcano (present-day Arizona) first erupts. |
title: Anatolia location: 39 32 gregorian_date: 1064 AD year: 1064 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Seljuk Turks storm Anatolia, taking Caesarea and Ani, marking the beginning of Turkish incursions into Anatolia. |
title: Westminster Abbey location: 51.492998028 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1065 AD year: 1065 month: 0 day: 0 event: 28 December—Westminster Abbey is consecrated. |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1065 AD year: 1065 month: 0 day: 0 event: The kingdoms of Galicia and Portugal become independent under the rule of Garcia. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1065 AD year: 1065 month: 0 day: 0 event: Sima Guang, high chancellor of the Chinese Song Dynasty, heads a team of scholars in initiating the compilation of an enormous written universal history of China, known as the ''Zizhi Tongjian''. |
title: Hedeby location: 54.487998048 9.55916443 gregorian_date: 1066 AD year: 1066 month: 0 day: 0 event: Hedeby is destroyed by a Slavic army and permanently abandoned. |
title: Westminster Abbey location: 51.492998028 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1066 AD year: 1066 month: 1 day: 5 event: January 5—Harold II is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey. |
title: Battle of Fulford location: 53.931 -1.07 gregorian_date: 1066 AD year: 1066 month: 9 day: 20 event: September 20—Battle of Fulford: King Harald III of Norway (Harald Hardrada) defeats the northern English earls Edwin and Morcar. |
title: Battle of Stamford Bridge location: 53.989 -0.903 gregorian_date: 1066 AD year: 1066 month: 9 day: 25 event: September 25—Battle of Stamford Bridge: King Harold II of England defeats the Vikings under Harald Hardrada. |
title: Battle of Hastings location: 50.907163038 0.48583139 gregorian_date: 1066 AD year: 1066 month: 10 day: 14 event: October 14—Battle of Hastings, fought between King Harold II of England and Duke William of Normandy: Harold is killed and William is victorious. In England this is the traditional end of the Dark Ages and the start of the Middle Ages. |
title: Cappadocia location: 38.668997324 34.836829986 gregorian_date: 1067 AD year: 1067 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Seljuk Turks take Caesarea in Cappadocia. |
title: Tower of London location: 51.504831314 -0.072333044 gregorian_date: 1067 AD year: 1067 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction begins on the Tower of London. |
title: Winchester Castle location: 51.0577064358 -1.31844372622 gregorian_date: 1067 AD year: 1067 month: 0 day: 0 event: Winchester Castle is built. |
title: Orsha location: 54.468998124 30.31749873 gregorian_date: 1067 AD year: 1067 month: 0 day: 0 event: Minsk and Orsha are first mentioned in the chronicles. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1067 AD year: 1067 month: 0 day: 0 event: The poet Wang Anshi campaigns against corruption in China. |
title: Durham location: 54.7702452523 -1.5544561155 gregorian_date: 1069 AD year: 1069 month: 0 day: 0 event: Harrying of the North: King William of England (William the Conqueror) reacts to rebellions made by his people against him. He rides through the north of England with his army and burns houses, crops, cattle and land from York to Durham, which results in the deaths of over 100,000 people, mainly from starvation and winter cold. |
title: Selby Abbey location: 53.783996864 -1.06749973 gregorian_date: 1069 AD year: 1069 month: 0 day: 0 event: William the Conqueror founds the Norman Selby Abbey. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1070 AD year: 1070 month: 0 day: 0 event: Lanfranc, an Italian lawyer, becomes William's formidable Archbishop of Canterbury. |
title: Temple of Literature location: 21.023833238 105.834663328 gregorian_date: 1070 AD year: 1070 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Temple of Literature is established in the capital of Vietnam. |
title: North Yorkshire location: 54.38749845 -1.391831766 gregorian_date: 1071 AD year: 1071 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction of Richmond Castle in North Yorkshire, England begins. |
title: Mercia location: 52.6 -1.6 gregorian_date: 1071 AD year: 1071 month: 0 day: 0 event: Edwin, Earl of Mercia rebels against William I and is killed, leading to the re-distribution of land within Mercia to William's subjects. |
title: Battle of Manzikert location: 39.140166106 42.536831186 gregorian_date: 1071 AD year: 1071 month: 8 day: 26 event: August 26—Battle of Manzikert: The Byzantine Empire loses to a Turkish army led by Alp Arslan. Byzantine civil war results in Turkish invasions. |
title: Dunfermline Abbey location: 56.0698 -3.4636 gregorian_date: 1072 AD year: 1072 month: 0 day: 0 event: Dunfermline Abbey is founded – later to become the burial place of several Kings of Scots, including Robert the Bruce. The associated royal palace will be the birth place of King Charles I. |
title: Kingdom of León location: 40.97782 -5.67186 gregorian_date: 1072 AD year: 1072 month: 0 day: 0 event: Alfonso VI becomes king of Leon and Castile following the assassination of his brother Sancho. |
title: Ankara location: 39.875 32.8333 gregorian_date: 1073 AD year: 1073 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Seljuk Turks conquer Ankara. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1073 AD year: 1073 month: 0 day: 0 event: Chancellor Wang Anshi of Song Dynasty China creates a new bureau of the central government called the Directorate of Weapons, which supervises the manufacture of military armaments and ensures quality control. |
title: Tower of London location: 51.504831314 -0.072333044 gregorian_date: 1074 AD year: 1074 month: 0 day: 0 event: William the Conqueror orders the White Tower to be built. |
title: Hebei location: 39.333332 116.6499974 gregorian_date: 1075 AD year: 1075 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Song Dynasty Chinese polymath scientist and statesman Shen Kuo solves a heated border dispute with the Liao Dynasty by dredging up old diplomatic records; he refutes Emperor Daozong of Liao's bluffs point for point during a meeting at Mt. Yongan (near modern Pingquan in Hebei), and reestablishes the Song's rightful borders. |
title: Koumbi Saleh location: 15.7666636 -7.9666628 gregorian_date: 1076 AD year: 1076 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Almoravids capture the Ghanaian capital of Kumbi. |
title: Gniezno location: 52.5499978 17.5999976 gregorian_date: 1076 AD year: 1076 month: 12 day: 25 event: December 25—Polish King Bolesław II the Bold (Polish: ''Bolesław Śmiały'') is crowned in Gniezno. |
title: Kievan Rus' location: 50.4499982 30.5166646 gregorian_date: 1077 AD year: 1077 month: 0 day: 0 event: Vsevolod of Kiev becomes the prince of Kievan Rus'. |
title: Ghana Empire location: 15.666664 -8.0 gregorian_date: 1077 AD year: 1077 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Almoravids complete the conquest of the Ghana Empire, and reach Spain. |
title: Friuli location: 46.166666 13.0 gregorian_date: 1077 AD year: 1077 month: 4 day: 3 event: April 3—Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor granted the county of Friuli, with ducal status, to Sigaerd, Patriarch of Aquileia. |
title: Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela location: 42.880602 -8.544377 gregorian_date: 1078 AD year: 1078 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Romanesque church is begun at Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1078 AD year: 1078 month: 0 day: 0 event: By this year, the iron industry in Song Dynasty China is producing a total weight of 127,000,000 kg (125,000 t) of iron product per year. |
title: Greece location: 39 22 gregorian_date: 1080 AD year: 1080 month: 0 day: 0 event: c. 1080–1100 – Christ Pantokrator, mosaic in the central dome, church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece, is made. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1081 AD year: 1081 month: 0 day: 0 event: Corfu is taken from the Byzantine Empire by Robert Guiscard, Norman King of Southern Italy. |
title: İzmir location: 38.422 27.129 gregorian_date: 1081 AD year: 1081 month: 0 day: 0 event: Turkish emir Chaka Bey conquers İzmir and founds a short lived principality and emerges as the first sea power in Turkish history. |
title: Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081) location: 41.3 19.5 gregorian_date: 1081 AD year: 1081 month: 10 day: 18 event: October 18 – Alexius I helps defend Albania from the Normans (the first recorded mention of Albania), but is defeated at the Battle of Dyrrhachium (Durazzo). The Normans govern Albania from Italy until around 1100. |
title: Graus location: 42.1833326 0.333332 gregorian_date: 1083 AD year: 1083 month: 0 day: 0 event: Sancho I of Aragon conquers Graus. |
title: Castel Sant'Angelo location: 41.903064 12.466355 gregorian_date: 1083 AD year: 1083 month: 0 day: 0 event: June—Pope Gregory VII is besieged in Castel Sant'Angelo by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. |
title: Burma location: 22 96 gregorian_date: 1084 AD year: 1084 month: 0 day: 0 event: Kyanzittha begins his reign in Burma. |
title: Antioch location: 36.1999992 36.1499994 gregorian_date: 1084 AD year: 1084 month: 0 day: 0 event: Antioch is captured by the Seljuk Turks from the Byzantines. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1084 AD year: 1084 month: 0 day: 0 event: Chancellor Sima Guang and a group of scholars of the Chinese Song Dynasty complete the compilation of the ''Zizhi Tongjian'', an enormous written universal history of China in 294 volumes of 3 million written Chinese characters. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1085 AD year: 1085 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Domesday survey is commissioned by William I of England, apparently prompted by the abortive invasion of Canute IV of Denmark, to ensure proper taxation and levies. |
title: Katedralskolan Lund location: 55.6999972 13.1875492498 gregorian_date: 1085 AD year: 1085 month: 0 day: 0 event: Katedralskolan, Lund, the oldest school in Scandinavia, is founded. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1085 AD year: 1085 month: 0 day: 0 event: By this year, the annual output of copper currency for the Chinese Song Dynasty reaches 6 billion coins a year, prompting the Chinese government to adopt the world's first paper-printed money later in the 1120s. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1085 AD year: 1085 month: 5 day: 25 event: May 25—Alfonso VI of Castile enters the Islamic city of Toledo, Spain, and invites French knights to settle the central plateau of Spain. |
title: Najaf location: 32.0 44.33 gregorian_date: 1086 AD year: 1086 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf is rebuilt by the Seljuk Malik Shah I after being destroyed by fire. |
title: Kingdom of León location: 40.97782 -5.67186 gregorian_date: 1086 AD year: 1086 month: 10 day: 23 event: October 23 – Battle of az-Zallaqah: Alfonso VI of León and Castile is defeated by the Almoravids, who had been called into Spain by Abbad III of Sevilla. |
title: London location: 51.504331316 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1087 AD year: 1087 month: 0 day: 0 event: A fire in London destroys St Paul's Cathedral. |
title: University of Bologna location: 44.489664708 11.338998644 gregorian_date: 1088 AD year: 1088 month: 0 day: 0 event: The oldest extant university, the University of Bologna, is founded. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1088 AD year: 1088 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Chinese polymath statesman and scientist Su Song has the successful pilot model for his astronomical clock tower constructed in Kaifeng, China. It features an escapement mechanism and the world's oldest known endless power-transmitting chain drive to operate the armillary sphere, opening doors, and mechanical-driven manikins that would rotate in shifts to announce the time on plaques. |
title: Lancashire location: 53.8 -2.6 gregorian_date: 1089 AD year: 1089 month: 0 day: 0 event: Northumbria is divided by the Normans into the counties of Northumberland, County Durham, Yorkshire, Westmorland and Lancashire. |
title: Kerala location: 14.7999968 74.1166662 gregorian_date: 1089 AD year: 1089 month: 0 day: 0 event: Rama Varma Kulashekhara is crowned in Kerala. |
title: Palmyra location: 34.555997776 38.266998932 gregorian_date: 1089 AD year: 1089 month: 0 day: 0 event: Palmyra is destroyed by an earthquake. |
title: Great Britain location: 53.826 -2.422 gregorian_date: 1089 AD year: 1089 month: 8 day: 11 event: August 11 – A powerful earthquake is recorded in Britain. |
title: Malta location: 35.8833298 14.499998 gregorian_date: 1091 AD year: 1091 month: 0 day: 0 event: Roger Guiscard takes Malta. |
title: Slavonia location: 45.4499982 17.916663 gregorian_date: 1091 AD year: 1091 month: 0 day: 0 event: Ladislaus I of Hungary occupies Slavonia. |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1091 AD year: 1091 month: 4 day: 29 event: April 29 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs besiege Constantinople, but are defeated so decisively by Emperor Alexius I that they fade into oblivion. |
title: London Bridge location: 51.504831314 -0.085999656 gregorian_date: 1091 AD year: 1091 month: 10 day: 23 event: October 23—London Tornado of 1091: A T8/F4 tornado is recorded in St Mary-le-Bow of London, England, which destroys London Bridge. |
title: Goodwin Sands location: 51.27083225 1.50499798 gregorian_date: 1092 AD year: 1092 month: 0 day: 0 event: High tides cause great flooding in England and Scotland. The Kentish lands of Earl Godwin inundated and are now known as the Goodwin Sands |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1093 AD year: 1093 month: 0 day: 0 event: Henry of Burgundy becomes Count of Portugal. |
title: Durham location: 54.7702452523 -1.5544561155 gregorian_date: 1093 AD year: 1093 month: 0 day: 0 event: The building of Durham Cathedral begins in Durham, England. |
title: Carlisle Castle location: 54.8916631 -2.93832958 gregorian_date: 1093 AD year: 1093 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction begins on Carlisle Castle, England. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1093 AD year: 1093 month: 0 day: 0 event: Saint Canute's Cathedral is built in Odense, Denmark. |
title: Battle of Alnwick (1093) location: 55.4262 -1.7005 gregorian_date: 1093 AD year: 1093 month: 11 day: 13 event: November 13—Battle of Alnwick: Malcolm III of Scotland is defeated and killed by the forces of William II of England. |
title: St Mark's Basilica location: 45.4345 12.3396 gregorian_date: 1094 AD year: 1094 month: 10 day: 8 event: October 8 – St Mark's Basilica is consecrated in Venice. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1095 AD year: 1095 month: 0 day: 0 event: Overpopulation in France, according to Pope Urban II. |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1095 AD year: 1095 month: 0 day: 0 event: The County of Portugal is established for the second time by Count Henry of Burgundy. |
title: Pembroke Castle location: 51.677678 -4.920694 gregorian_date: 1095 AD year: 1095 month: 0 day: 0 event: Pembroke Castle is built in Wales. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1095 AD year: 1095 month: 0 day: 0 event: The cathedral in Valence, France is consecrated. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1095 AD year: 1095 month: 11 day: 27 event: November 27—Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont; Peter the Hermit begins to preach throughout France. |
title: Bishopric of Brandenburg location: 52.40842 12.56249 gregorian_date: 1096 AD year: 1096 month: 0 day: 0 event: Bernard becomes Bishop of Brandenburg. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1096 AD year: 1096 month: 0 day: 0 event: In Ireland, the Diocese of Waterford is erected. |
title: University of Oxford location: 51.7611 -1.2534 gregorian_date: 1096 AD year: 1096 month: 0 day: 0 event: The first documented teaching at the University of Oxford occurs. |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1097 AD year: 1097 month: 0 day: 0 event: The First Crusade reaches Constantinople. |
title: Latakia location: 35.5166646 35.7833302 gregorian_date: 1097 AD year: 1097 month: 7 day: 1 event: July 1—Crusaders besiege Nicaea, win the Battle of Dorylaeum, capture Latakia from the Seljuk Turks, and begin the siege of Antioch. |
title: Sardis location: 38.486331388 28.03749985 gregorian_date: 1098 AD year: 1098 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Byzantine Empire retakes Smyrna, Ephesus and Sardis. |
title: Isle of Man location: 54.1499994 -4.4833314 gregorian_date: 1098 AD year: 1098 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Magnus III of Norway (Magnus Barefoot) conquers the Orkney Islands, the Hebrides and the Isle of Man. |
title: Arizona location: 34 -112 gregorian_date: 1100 AD year: 1100 month: 0 day: 0 event: Oraibi becomes and remains the first and oldest populated settlement in the USA and what is now Arizona. |
title: Cusco location: -85.4916607 gregorian_date: 1100 AD year: 1100 month: 0 day: 0 event: The city of Cusco, Peru is founded. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1100 AD year: 1100 month: 0 day: 0 event: Emperor Huizong of Song starts to rule in China. |
title: Ankara location: 39.875 32.8333 gregorian_date: 1101 AD year: 1101 month: 0 day: 0 event: Raymond IV of Toulouse, count of Tripoli, takes Ankara from the Seljuk Turks. |
title: Caesarea Maritima location: 32.499998 34.893163094 gregorian_date: 1101 AD year: 1101 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Baldwin I of Jerusalem captures Arsuf (in April) and Caesarea (in May). |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1101 AD year: 1101 month: 0 day: 0 event: Canute II of Denmark is canonized. |
title: Korea location: 38.3166654 127.2333324 gregorian_date: 1101 AD year: 1101 month: 0 day: 0 event: A vast compilation of Liao, Korean, and Song Buddhist writings is completed. |
title: Kingdom of Hungary location: 47.4666648 19.0499998 gregorian_date: 1102 AD year: 1102 month: 0 day: 0 event: Kingdom of Croatia loses its full independence while joining in the union with Kingdom of Hungary under the rule of king Coloman.Pacta conventa (Croatia).< |
title: Arundel Castle location: 50.853663252 -0.552164458 gregorian_date: 1102 AD year: 1102 month: 0 day: 0 event: Henry I of England takes possession of Arundel Castle. |
title: Caesarea Maritima location: 32.499998 34.893163094 gregorian_date: 1102 AD year: 1102 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Crusaders capture Caesarea Maritima. |
title: Tripoli Lebanon location: 34.4333316 35.8499966 gregorian_date: 1102 AD year: 1102 month: 0 day: 0 event: Raymond IV of Toulouse begins to besiege Tripoli, and takes the nominal title of Count of Tripoli. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1103 AD year: 1103 month: 0 day: 0 event: Chinese architect and government minister Li Jie (1065–1110) publishes his ''Yingzao Fashi'' technical treatise on Chinese architecture during the reign of Emperor Huizong of Song. |
title: Hekla location: 63.9833294 -19.6999972 gregorian_date: 1104 AD year: 1104 month: 0 day: 0 event: The volcano Hekla erupts in Iceland, destroying settlements. |
title: Durham Cathedral location: 54.77083025 -1.572331044 gregorian_date: 1104 AD year: 1104 month: 9 day: 3 event: September 3—St. Cuthbert is reburied in Durham Cathedral. |
title: Korea location: 38.3166654 127.2333324 gregorian_date: 1105 AD year: 1105 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Tamna Kingdom is annexed by the Korean Goryeo Dynasty. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1107 AD year: 1107 month: 0 day: 0 event: Chinese money is printed in 3 colours to stymie counterfeiting. |
title: Orkney location: 59.0 -3.0 gregorian_date: 1108 AD year: 1108 month: 0 day: 0 event: Saint Magnus becomes the first Earl of Orkney. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1108 AD year: 1108 month: 0 day: 0 event: In Pistoia, Italy, the Cathedral of San Zeno burns to the ground. |
title: Beirut location: 33.885496458 35.507831302 gregorian_date: 1109 AD year: 1109 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Crusaders capture Tripoli and Beirut. |
title: Kingdom of Hungary location: 47.4666648 19.0499998 gregorian_date: 1109 AD year: 1109 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Principality of Nitra ceases to exist, after the Coloman of Hungary deposes its last ruler. |
title: Battle of Głogów location: 51.668997324 16.088999644 gregorian_date: 1109 AD year: 1109 month: 8 day: 14 event: August 14 – Battle of Głogów: The Poles again defeat the Holy Roman Empire. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1110 AD year: 1110 month: 0 day: 0 event: Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor invades Italy. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1110 AD year: 1110 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction begins on Fontevraud Abbey in France. |
title: Sidon location: 33.556331108 35.392165098 gregorian_date: 1110 AD year: 1110 month: 0 day: 0 event: Beirut and Sidon are captured by the Crusaders. |
title: Mosul location: 36.3666652 43.1166662 gregorian_date: 1110 AD year: 1110 month: 0 day: 0 event: Mawdud of Mosul captures all land belonging to the Crusader County of Edessa east of the Euphrates. |
title: Sidon location: 33.556331108 35.392165098 gregorian_date: 1110 AD year: 1110 month: 12 day: 4 event: December 4—First Crusade: The Crusaders conquer Sidon. |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1111 AD year: 1111 month: 0 day: 0 event: Santarém is captured by Portuguese troops. |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1112 AD year: 1112 month: 0 day: 0 event: Afonso I becomes Count of Portugal. |
title: Burma location: 22 96 gregorian_date: 1113 AD year: 1113 month: 0 day: 0 event: Alaungsithu succeeds Kyanzittha as king of Burma. |
title: Bridlington Priory location: 54.09445 -0.20179 gregorian_date: 1113 AD year: 1113 month: 0 day: 0 event: Bridlington Priory is founded. |
title: Ibiza location: 38.98 1.43 gregorian_date: 1114 AD year: 1114 month: 0 day: 0 event: Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona conquers Ibiza and Mallorca. |
title: Clairvaux Abbey location: 48.1416661 4.78666352 gregorian_date: 1115 AD year: 1115 month: 0 day: 0 event: Clairvaux Abbey is founded by St. Bernard. |
title: Notre Dame de Paris location: 48.853 2.3498 gregorian_date: 1115 AD year: 1115 month: 0 day: 0 event: Pierre Abélard becomes canon of Notre Dame de Paris. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1115 AD year: 1115 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Jurchen establish the Jin Dynasty of China. |
title: Montreal (Crusader castle) location: 30.525497898 35.556497774 gregorian_date: 1115 AD year: 1115 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Crusader castle of Montreal is built by Baldwin I of Jerusalem. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1116 AD year: 1116 month: 0 day: 0 event: The modern book of separate pages stitched together is invented in China. |
title: India location: 21 78 gregorian_date: 1116 AD year: 1116 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction starts on the Chennakesava Temple in India. |
title: Pelusium location: 31.04159 32.545071 gregorian_date: 1117 AD year: 1117 month: 0 day: 0 event: Pelusium is razed by Baldwin I of Jerusalem. |
title: Merton Priory location: 51.4087083652 -0.17542929828 gregorian_date: 1117 AD year: 1117 month: 5 day: 3 event: May 3—Merton Priory (Thomas Becket School) is consecrated. |
title: Montlhéry location: 48.6343591292 2.27010058626 gregorian_date: 1118 AD year: 1118 month: 0 day: 0 event: Montlhéry Castle is dismantled by Louis VI of France. |
title: Santa Maria in Cosmedin location: 41.886163122 12.475664764 gregorian_date: 1118 AD year: 1118 month: 0 day: 0 event: The restoration of Santa Maria in Cosmedin begins. |
title: Reichenbach Abbey (Bavaria) location: 49.176332628 12.342331964 gregorian_date: 1118 AD year: 1118 month: 0 day: 0 event: Reichenbach Abbey is founded. |
title: Zbraslav location: 49.9666628 14.3833318 gregorian_date: 1118 AD year: 1118 month: 0 day: 0 event: Zbraslav, now part of Prague, is founded. |
title: Sardis location: 38.486331388 28.03749985 gregorian_date: 1118 AD year: 1118 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Byzantine general Philocales captures Sardis from the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm. |
title: Azaz location: 36.35 37.03 gregorian_date: 1118 AD year: 1118 month: 6 day: 11 event: June 11—Roger of Salerno, Prince of Antioch, captures Azaz from the Seljuk Turks. |
title: Battle of Ager Sanguinis location: 36.173999304 36.71833046 gregorian_date: 1119 AD year: 1119 month: 6 day: 28 event: June 28 – Battle of Ager Sanguinis: Ilghazi, the ruler of Aleppo, wipes out a Crusader army from the Principality of Antioch. |
title: Antioch location: 36.1999992 36.1499994 gregorian_date: 1119 AD year: 1119 month: 8 day: 14 event: August 14 – Battle of Hab: Baldwin II of Jerusalem's Crusaders defeat Ilghazi's army, saving Antioch. |
title: Battle of Bremule location: 49.3433333433 1.40583334333 gregorian_date: 1119 AD year: 1119 month: 8 day: 20 event: August 20—Battle of Bremule: Henry I of England routs Louis VI. |
title: Warwickshire location: 52.2999988 -1.5666644 gregorian_date: 1119 AD year: 1119 month: 9 day: 19 event: September 19: Severe Earthquake in Gloucestershire & Warwickshire, England. |
title: Llandaff Cathedral location: 51.49083137 -3.21749913 gregorian_date: 1120 AD year: 1120 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction begins on Llandaff Cathedral in Wales. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1120 AD year: 1120 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Song Dynasty governor of the bustling seaport of Quanzhou, Fujian, China, reports that the population of his city has reached 500,000 residents. |
title: English Channel location: 48.637164118 -4.568831058 gregorian_date: 1120 AD year: 1120 month: 11 day: 25 event: November 25—The White Ship is wrecked in the English Channel, resulting in the death of the son of King Henry I of England. |
title: Reading Abbey location: 51.4538065181 -0.95904783046 gregorian_date: 1121 AD year: 1121 month: 0 day: 0 event: Reading Abbey is founded in England. |
title: Cluny Abbey location: 46.433831598 4.655497378 gregorian_date: 1121 AD year: 1121 month: 0 day: 0 event: Completion of the third and largest church at Cluny Abbey. |
title: Battle of Beroia location: 42.4333316 25.6499974 gregorian_date: 1122 AD year: 1122 month: 0 day: 0 event: Battle of Beroia: Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos defeats and destroys the Pechenegs. |
title: London location: 51.504331316 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1123 AD year: 1123 month: 0 day: 0 event: St. Bartholomew's Hospital (Barts) is founded in London, England. |
title: Dunfermline Abbey location: 56.0698 -3.4636 gregorian_date: 1124 AD year: 1124 month: 0 day: 0 event: Gaufrid is consecrated as the first Abbot of Dunfermline Abbey. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1124 AD year: 1124 month: 0 day: 0 event: In Ireland, St. Malachy, the great reformer of the Church, is made a bishop. |
title: Östergötland location: 58.416665 15.749997 gregorian_date: 1125 AD year: 1125 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Inge the Younger is murdered in Vreta, Östergötland, instigated by his wife Ulfhild. Her cousin Magnus the Strong proclaims himself ruler of Gothenland, whereas Ragnvald Knaphövde, in opposition to him, proclaims himself king of Sweden in Svealand. |
title: Chios location: 38.3999984 26.0166666 gregorian_date: 1125 AD year: 1125 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Venetians pillage Rhodes, ravage Samos and Lesbos, and occupy Chios. |
title: Reading School location: 51.442331564 -0.952996188 gregorian_date: 1125 AD year: 1125 month: 0 day: 0 event: Reading School founded. |
title: Battle of Azaz location: 36.178934 36.719484 gregorian_date: 1125 AD year: 1125 month: 6 day: 11 event: June 11—Battle of Azaz: The Crusaders defeat the Seljuk Turks. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1126 AD year: 1126 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Jin Dynasty is established in the north of China, following the Song Dynasty's loss at the Huang He River valley. Remnants of the court flee south, including much of the populace and communities such as the Kaifeng Jews. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1126 AD year: 1126 month: 0 day: 0 event: The rule of Emperor Huizong of Song ends in China. |
title: Kingdom of León location: 40.97782 -5.67186 gregorian_date: 1126 AD year: 1126 month: 0 day: 0 event: Alfonso VII is crowned king of Castile and León in Spain. |
title: Bukhara location: 39.7666636 64.4333316 gregorian_date: 1127 AD year: 1127 month: 0 day: 0 event: The minaret of Kalyan is completed in Bukhara (present day Uzbekistan). |
title: Flanders location: 50.8999964 4.5333312 gregorian_date: 1127 AD year: 1127 month: 0 day: 0 event: Count Charles the Good of Flanders is assassinated. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1127 AD year: 1127 month: 0 day: 0 event: Estimation: Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Kaifeng, capital of China. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1127 AD year: 1127 month: 1 day: 9 event: January 9 – Jurchen forces sack the Song Chinese capital of Kaifeng (the Jingkang Incident, 靖康事變), and begin more than a century of political division between northern and southern China. |
title: Holyrood Abbey location: 55.9518928591 -3.16961098822 gregorian_date: 1128 AD year: 1128 month: 0 day: 0 event: Holyrood Abbey is founded in Edinburgh by David I, King of Scotland. |
title: Flanders location: 50.8999964 4.5333312 gregorian_date: 1128 AD year: 1128 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Louis VI of France agrees to the accession of Thierry of Alsace as Count of Flanders. |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1128 AD year: 1128 month: 6 day: 24 event: June 24—Battle of São Mamede: King Afonso I of Portugal (then Count of Portugal) defeats his mother, Teresa of León, and gains control of the county, which thus becomes ''de facto'' independent. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1130 AD year: 1130 month: 0 day: 0 event: An antipope schism occurs when Roger II of Sicily supports Anacletus II as pope instead of Innocent II, who flees to France. |
title: Tintern Abbey location: 51.696847 -2.677167 gregorian_date: 1131 AD year: 1131 month: 5 day: 9 event: May 9—Tintern Abbey is founded. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1132 AD year: 1132 month: 0 day: 0 event: Dermot MacMurrough has the abbey of Kildare in Ireland burned and the abbess raped.{{Citation neededdate=April 2009}} He becomes king of the province of Leinster. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1132 AD year: 1132 month: 0 day: 0 event: St. Malachy is made bishop of Armagh in Ireland, to impose the Roman liturgy on the independent Irish Church. |
title: Basingwerk Abbey location: 53.2866666667 -3.21666666667 gregorian_date: 1132 AD year: 1132 month: 0 day: 0 event: Fountains Abbey and Rievaulx Abbey are founded in Yorkshire, Basingwerk Abbey is founded in Wales. |
title: Iraq location: 33.0 44.0 gregorian_date: 1132 AD year: 1132 month: 0 day: 0 event: Tughril II starts his rule of Iraq. |
title: Durham Cathedral location: 54.77083025 -1.572331044 gregorian_date: 1133 AD year: 1133 month: 0 day: 0 event: Durham Cathedral is completed. |
title: Norton Priory location: 53.3423 -2.6799 gregorian_date: 1134 AD year: 1134 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Augustinian Runcorn Priory is transferred to Norton Priory. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1134 AD year: 1134 month: 0 day: 0 event: Much of Chartres, France is destroyed by fire. |
title: North Sea location: 56 3 gregorian_date: 1134 AD year: 1134 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Zeeland archipelago is created by a massive storm in the North Sea. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1134 AD year: 1134 month: 0 day: 0 event: Robert of Ketton and Herman of Carinthia travel throughout France, the Byzantine Empire, and the Crusader States. |
title: Baghdad location: 33.325 44.422 gregorian_date: 1134 AD year: 1134 month: 0 day: 0 event: Abdul Qadir Jilani becomes principal of the Hanbali school in Baghdad. |
title: Zhejiang location: 29.0 120.0 gregorian_date: 1134 AD year: 1134 month: 0 day: 0 event: Wu Ge, the Chinese Song Dynasty Deputy Transport Commissioner of Zhejiang, has paddle wheel warships constructed with a total of nine wheels and others with thirteen wheels. |
title: Baghdad location: 33.325 44.422 gregorian_date: 1135 AD year: 1135 month: 0 day: 0 event: The domination of Baghdad by the Seljuk Turks ends. |
title: Buildwas Abbey location: 52.63616 -2.53043 gregorian_date: 1135 AD year: 1135 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Cistercian Abbey of St. Mary and St. Chad is founded by Roger de Clinton, bishop of Coventry (1129–48). |
title: London Bridge location: 51.504831314 -0.085999656 gregorian_date: 1135 AD year: 1135 month: 0 day: 0 event: A fire in London seriously damages St Paul's Cathedral and London Bridge. |
title: Yue Fei location: 30.25250399 120.124772834 gregorian_date: 1135 AD year: 1135 month: 0 day: 0 event: Song Dynasty Chinese general Yue Fei defeats the rebel forces of Yang Yao by entangling his swift paddle-wheel ships with rotten logs and other debris precariously placed in the river. Yue Fei's forces easily board their ships and win a victory. |
title: Byland Abbey location: 54.2031 -1.1592 gregorian_date: 1135 AD year: 1135 month: 1 day: 0 event: January—Byland Abbey is founded. |
title: Cumberland location: 54.749997 -3.0 gregorian_date: 1136 AD year: 1136 month: 0 day: 0 event: 5 February—Treaty of Durham: Stephen I of England concedes Cumberland to David I of Scotland. |
title: Battle of Crug Mawr location: 52.096 -4.621 gregorian_date: 1136 AD year: 1136 month: 0 day: 0 event: Battle of Crug Mawr: Owain Gwynedd of Wales defeats the Normans. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1137 AD year: 1137 month: 0 day: 0 event: In Song Dynasty China, a fire breaks out in the new capital of Hangzhou; the government suspends the requirement of rent payments, alms of 108,840 kg (120 tons) of rice are distributed to the poor, and items such as bamboo, planks, and rush-matting are exempt from government taxation. |
title: Battle of the Standard location: 54.37354 -1.44734 gregorian_date: 1138 AD year: 1138 month: 8 day: 22 event: August 22—Battle of the Standard: David I of Scotland is defeated by the English. |
title: 1138 Aleppo earthquake location: 36.2166658 37.166666 gregorian_date: 1138 AD year: 1138 month: 10 day: 11 event: October 11—A deadly earthquake in Aleppo, Syria kills about 230,000 people. See 1138 Aleppo earthquake. |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1139 AD year: 1139 month: 7 day: 25 event: July 25—Battle of Ourique: The independence of Portugal from the Kingdom of León declared after the Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, are defeated by Prince Afonso Henriques. He then becomes Afonso I, King of Portugal, after calling the first assembly of the estates-general of Portugal at Lamego, where he is given the Crown from the Bishop of Bragança, to confirm the independence. |
title: Rhine location: 51.975329432 4.08916631 gregorian_date: 1140 AD year: 1140 month: 0 day: 0 event: Henry Jasomirgott is made count palatine of the Rhine. |
title: Marburg location: 50.805996776 8.76916359 gregorian_date: 1140 AD year: 1140 month: 0 day: 0 event: Marburg becomes a town. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1140 AD year: 1140 month: 6 day: 3 event: June 3 – Pierre Abelard is condemned for heresy by a church court in Sens, France. |
title: Battle of Lincoln (1141) location: 53.23500001 -0.538611121111 gregorian_date: 1141 AD year: 1141 month: 2 day: 2 event: February 2—Battle of Lincoln: Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester and Empress Matilda wrest control of the English throne from King Stephen. |
title: Battle of Wilton (1143) location: 51.08 -1.864 gregorian_date: 1143 AD year: 1143 month: 7 day: 1 event: July 1 – Battle of Wilton in England. |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1143 AD year: 1143 month: 10 day: 5 event: October 5—Treaty of Zamora: Portugal is recognized by the Kingdom of Leon as an independent kingdom, although it has functioned as one since the Battle of São Mamede. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1144 AD year: 1144 month: 0 day: 0 event: The city of Montauban, France, is founded. |
title: Lesmahagow location: 55.6166642 -3.8999964 gregorian_date: 1144 AD year: 1144 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Priory in Lesmahagow is founded by Benedictine monks. |
title: Mosul location: 36.3666652 43.1166662 gregorian_date: 1144 AD year: 1144 month: 12 day: 24 event: December 24—The County of Edessa falls to Zengi of Mosul (see Siege of Edessa). |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1145 AD year: 1145 month: 0 day: 0 event: Estimation: Merv in the Seljuk Empire becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. |
title: Azerbaijan location: 40.3 47.7 gregorian_date: 1146 AD year: 1146 month: 0 day: 0 event: Ildeniz, atabeg of Azerbaijan founds an dynasty, being the first independent Turkish dynasty of Azerbaijan |
title: Marrakech location: 31.6333308 -8.0 gregorian_date: 1147 AD year: 1147 month: 0 day: 0 event: April – Abd al-Mu'min destroys the Almoravid Empire after capturing Marrakech. |
title: Dore Abbey location: 51.96778 -2.89368 gregorian_date: 1147 AD year: 1147 month: 0 day: 0 event: Dore Abbey is founded. |
title: Rupertsberg location: 49.959496162 7.886829786 gregorian_date: 1147 AD year: 1147 month: 0 day: 0 event: Hildegard of Bingen founds the convent of Rupertsberg near Bingen. |
title: Corfu location: 39.666664 19.749997 gregorian_date: 1147 AD year: 1147 month: 0 day: 0 event: Roger II of Sicily takes Corfu from the Byzantine Empire, and pillages Corinth, Athens and Thebes. |
title: Siege of Lisbon location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1147 AD year: 1147 month: 7 day: 1 event: July 1—October 25 – Afonso I of Portugal and a contingent of Crusaders invade Lisbon and drive out the Moors in the Siege of Lisbon. The assistance of English Crusaders will result in friendly relations between England & Portugal for decades. |
title: Damascus location: 33.513 36.292 gregorian_date: 1148 AD year: 1148 month: 0 day: 0 event: June – The Second Crusade reaches Jerusalem. They meet at the Council of Acre and decide to attack Damascus. |
title: Susa location: 32.18922 48.257785 gregorian_date: 1148 AD year: 1148 month: 0 day: 0 event: Roger II of Sicily takes Susa and Sfax in Tunisia. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1150 AD year: 1150 month: 0 day: 0 event: Åhus, Denmark gains city privileges. |
title: Wyre Orkney location: 59.1166662 -2.9666628 gregorian_date: 1150 AD year: 1150 month: 0 day: 0 event: Cubbie Roo's Castle is built on Wyre, Orkney. |
title: Mersey Ferry location: 53.416 -3.025 gregorian_date: 1150 AD year: 1150 month: 0 day: 0 event: A Benedictine priory is founded at Birkenhead, England, resulting in the first recorded Mersey Ferry. |
title: Christchurch Priory location: 50.7319 -1.77466 gregorian_date: 1150 AD year: 1150 month: 0 day: 0 event: Christchurch Priory is founded in Dorset, England. |
title: Castle Rising (castle) location: 52.79368 0.470146 gregorian_date: 1150 AD year: 1150 month: 0 day: 0 event: Castle Rising is built in Norfolk, England by William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel. |
title: University of Paris location: 48.84249663 2.339331976 gregorian_date: 1150 AD year: 1150 month: 0 day: 0 event: The University of Paris, now known as the Sorbonne, is founded. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1150 AD year: 1150 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Tuam is promoted to a Metropolitan Archdiocese in Ireland. |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1150 AD year: 1150 month: 0 day: 0 event: The earliest textual reference is made to Gypsies working as musicians in Constantinople. |
title: Angkor Wat location: 13.40749837 103.8666632 gregorian_date: 1150 AD year: 1150 month: 0 day: 0 event: The temple at Angkor Wat is completed in Khmer (present-day Cambodia). |
title: North Yorkshire location: 54.38749845 -1.391831766 gregorian_date: 1151 AD year: 1151 month: 0 day: 0 event: Bolton Abbey is founded in North Yorkshire, England. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1152 AD year: 1152 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Church of Ireland acknowledges the Pope's authority. |
title: Gorodets location: 56.6499974 43.4833314 gregorian_date: 1152 AD year: 1152 month: 0 day: 0 event: The town of Gorodets (modern Russia) is founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruki. |
title: Touraine location: 47.3999984 0.6833306 gregorian_date: 1152 AD year: 1152 month: 5 day: 18 event: May 18—Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Henry of Anjou after getting her previous marriage to Louis VII annulled. Henry had claimed the County of Anjou, the County of Maine, and the province of Touraine upon the death of his protector Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, the previous year. With the addition of Eleanor's lands, he now controls territory stretching unbroken from Cherbourg to Bayonne. |
title: Switzerland location: 46.83333 8.333332 gregorian_date: 1153 AD year: 1153 month: 0 day: 0 event: The city of Oberglatt (present-day Switzerland) is first mentioned in written literature. |
title: Merv location: 37.657664036 62.188832578 gregorian_date: 1153 AD year: 1153 month: 0 day: 0 event: Estimation: Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Merv in the Seljuk Empire. |
title: Maldives location: 3.2 73.22 gregorian_date: 1153 AD year: 1153 month: 0 day: 0 event: Islam is introduced to the Maldives. |
title: Birmingham location: 52.4796 -1.903 gregorian_date: 1154 AD year: 1154 month: 0 day: 0 event: Birmingham, England, and the Birmingham Bull Ring are founded. |
title: Estonia location: 59 26 gregorian_date: 1154 AD year: 1154 month: 0 day: 0 event: Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, is first marked on the world map by Al Idrisi. |
title: Damascus location: 33.513 36.292 gregorian_date: 1154 AD year: 1154 month: 4 day: 23 event: April 23 – Nur ad-Din Zangi gains control of Damascus, uniting Syria under one ruler. |
title: Pope Adrian IV location: 51.717997128 -0.406831706 gregorian_date: 1154 AD year: 1154 month: 12 day: 14 event: December 14—Pope Adrian IV (also known as Hadrian IV) succeeds Pope Anastasius IV as the 169th pope. Born Nicholas Breakspear, he is the only English pope in history. |
title: Bristol location: 51.4499982 -2.583331 gregorian_date: 1155 AD year: 1155 month: 0 day: 0 event: The City of Bristol, UK (Brigstow) given Royal Charter. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1155 AD year: 1155 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Papal bull ''Laudabiliter'' gives the King of England lordship over Ireland. |
title: Apulia location: 41.005166646 16.507664636 gregorian_date: 1156 AD year: 1156 month: 0 day: 0 event: A rebellion breaks out against William II of Sicily, and the Byzantine Empire, encouraged by Pope Hadrian, invades Apulia. William II crushes the rebellion, defeats the Byzantine armies at Brindisi, and humbles the Pope at Benevento. |
title: Finland location: 65 27 gregorian_date: 1156 AD year: 1156 month: 1 day: 20 event: January 20—According to legend, freeholder Lalli slays English crusader Bishop Henry with an axe on the ice of lake Köyliönjärvi in Finland. |
title: Baghdad location: 33.325 44.422 gregorian_date: 1157 AD year: 1157 month: 1 day: 12 event: January 12–March 16 – Caliph Al-Muqtafi Successfully defended Baghdad against the coalition forces of Sultan Muhammad of Hamadan,and Atabeg Qutb-adin of Mosul |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1157 AD year: 1157 month: 10 day: 23 event: October 23—Battle of Grathe Heath: A civil war in Denmark ends with the death of King Sweyn III. Valdemar I of Denmark becomes king of all Denmark and restores and rebuilds the country. |
title: University of Bologna location: 44.489664708 11.338998644 gregorian_date: 1158 AD year: 1158 month: 0 day: 0 event: The University of Bologna is granted its first privileges by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1158 AD year: 1158 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Diocese of Derry is founded in Ireland. |
title: Pope Adrian IV location: 51.717997128 -0.406831706 gregorian_date: 1159 AD year: 1159 month: 9 day: 7 event: September 7—Pope Alexander III succeeds Pope Adrian IV as the 170th pope. |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1160 AD year: 1160 month: 0 day: 0 event: The city of Tomar is founded in Portugal by Gualdim Pais. |
title: Derby location: 52.919829654 -1.472164778 gregorian_date: 1160 AD year: 1160 month: 0 day: 0 event: Derby School is founded at Derby, England. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1160 AD year: 1160 month: 2 day: 3 event: February 3 – Emperor Frederick Barbarossa takes Crema, Italy following a cruel siege, as part of his campaign against the independent Italian city-states. |
title: Yue Fei location: 30.25250399 120.124772834 gregorian_date: 1162 AD year: 1162 month: 7 day: 25 event: July 25—Emperor Xiaozong announces he will posthumously rehabilitate Yue Fei. |
title: Loccum Abbey location: 52.451164862 9.150332732 gregorian_date: 1163 AD year: 1163 month: 0 day: 0 event: Loccum Abbey in Hanover is founded as a Cistercian house by Cornwall. |
title: Lam Tin location: 22.305665444 114.23499906 gregorian_date: 1163 AD year: 1163 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Guanfuchang salt-fields (官富場) in Hong Kong, nowadays To Kwa Wan, Kowloon Bay, Kwun Tong and Lam Tin districts, are first officially operated by the Song Dynasty. |
title: Notre Dame de Paris location: 48.853 2.3498 gregorian_date: 1163 AD year: 1163 month: 0 day: 0 event: The first stone of Paris's Notre Dame Cathedral is set by Pope Alexander III. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1165 AD year: 1165 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction of the Liuhe Pagoda of Hangzhou, China, is completed in this year during the Song Dynasty. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1167 AD year: 1167 month: 0 day: 0 event: Absalon, archbishop of Denmark, leads the first Danish synod at Lund. |
title: University of Oxford location: 51.7611 -1.2534 gregorian_date: 1167 AD year: 1167 month: 0 day: 0 event: University of Oxford is founded. |
title: Aquitaine location: 44.583331 0.0 gregorian_date: 1168 AD year: 1168 month: 0 day: 0 event: Prince Richard of England becomes duke of Aquitaine. He later becomes King Richard I of England. |
title: Rügen location: 54.416665 13.3999984 gregorian_date: 1168 AD year: 1168 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Valdemar I of Denmark conquers Arkona on the Island of Rügen, the strongest pagan fortress and temple in Northern Europe. |
title: Cairo location: 30.054833114 31.223999104 gregorian_date: 1168 AD year: 1168 month: 12 day: 22 event: December 22—Afraid that the Egyptian capital Fustat (in today's Old Cairo) will be captured by the Crusaders, its Fatimid vizier, Shawar, orders the city set afire. The city burns for 54 days. |
title: Cairo location: 30.054833114 31.223999104 gregorian_date: 1169 AD year: 1169 month: 0 day: 0 event: Nur ad-Din Zangi invades Egypt, and names his nephew Saladin sultan as well as vizier of Cairo. |
title: Kievan Rus' location: 50.4499982 30.5166646 gregorian_date: 1169 AD year: 1169 month: 0 day: 0 event: Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy sacks Kiev and makes Vladimir the capital of Kievan Rus' |
title: North America location: 48.166666 -100.166666 gregorian_date: 1170 AD year: 1170 month: 0 day: 0 event: According to folklore, the Welsh prince Madoc sailes to North America and founds a colony. |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1170 AD year: 1170 month: 0 day: 0 event: Estimation: Fes in the Almohad Empire becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. |
title: Estonia location: 59 26 gregorian_date: 1170 AD year: 1170 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Danes attack Estonia. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1171 AD year: 1171 month: 0 day: 0 event: Henry II of England invades Ireland with the aid of the ousted King of Leinster, Diarmait MacMurrough. As is usual at this time, Henry commandeers merchant ships as part of his invasion. Henry claims the ports of Dublin, Waterford, and Wexford for himself and promises the Irish chieftains protection if they will acknowledge him as their overlord. This begins eight centuries of conflict between Ireland and England. |
title: Aquitaine location: 44.583331 0.0 gregorian_date: 1172 AD year: 1172 month: 0 day: 0 event: Duke Richard of Aquitaine becomes Duke of Poitiers (later King Richard I of England). |
title: Canterbury location: 51.27166558 1.085499658 gregorian_date: 1173 AD year: 1173 month: 0 day: 0 event: Saint Thomas Becket is buried at Canterbury and canonized. |
title: Abergavenny Castle location: 51.819593 -3.016821 gregorian_date: 1173 AD year: 1173 month: 0 day: 0 event: Abergavenny Castle is seized by the Welsh. |
title: Leaning Tower of Pisa location: 43.720663784 10.389831774 gregorian_date: 1173 AD year: 1173 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Leaning Tower of Pisa is built. |
title: Aden location: 12.7999968 45.0333332 gregorian_date: 1173 AD year: 1173 month: 0 day: 0 event: Saladin seizes Aden in Arabia. |
title: Battle of Alnwick (1174) location: 55.416665 -1.716997132 gregorian_date: 1174 AD year: 1174 month: 0 day: 0 event: William I of Scotland is captured by Ranulf de Glanvill at the Battle of Alnwick, and Henry II of England occupies part of Scotland. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1174 AD year: 1174 month: 0 day: 0 event: Fire destroys most of Padua, Italy. |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1174 AD year: 1174 month: 0 day: 0 event: The city of Pombal, Portugal is founded by Gualdim Pais. |
title: London location: 51.504331316 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1174 AD year: 1174 month: 0 day: 0 event: The first known race track of the post-classical era opens at Newmarket in London. |
title: Damascus location: 33.513 36.292 gregorian_date: 1174 AD year: 1174 month: 0 day: 0 event: Saladin captures Damascus. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1174 AD year: 1174 month: 0 day: 0 event: Vietnam is given the official name of Annam by China. |
title: Luzon location: 16.0 121.0 gregorian_date: 1175 AD year: 1175 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Kingdom of Namayan reaches its peak on Luzon. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1175 AD year: 1175 month: 0 day: 0 event: Treaty of Windsor: Ruaidri Ua Conchobair (Rory O'Conner), the last High King of Ireland, submits to Henry II as vassal of Ireland. |
title: Vordingborg Castle location: 55.0072222222 11.9125 gregorian_date: 1175 AD year: 1175 month: 0 day: 0 event: Vordingborg Castle is completed. |
title: Visoko Bosnia and Herzegovina location: 43.9889 18.1781 gregorian_date: 1175 AD year: 1175 month: 0 day: 0 event: The high academy of Bosnian religious organization in Moštre, Visoko, is first mentioned in Vatican archives. |
title: Qift location: 25.990662704 32.809496762 gregorian_date: 1176 AD year: 1176 month: 0 day: 0 event: Al-Adil I, the Muslim ruler of Egypt, suppresses a revolt by the Christian Copts in the city of Qift, hanging nearly 3,000 of them on the trees around the city. |
title: Aleppo location: 36.2166658 37.166666 gregorian_date: 1176 AD year: 1176 month: 0 day: 0 event: Raynald of Chatillon is released from prison in Aleppo. |
title: London Bridge location: 51.504831314 -0.085999656 gregorian_date: 1176 AD year: 1176 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction begins on the London Bridge. |
title: Aleppo location: 36.2166658 37.166666 gregorian_date: 1176 AD year: 1176 month: 5 day: 22 event: May 22—The Hashshashin attempt to murder Saladin near Aleppo. |
title: Peterborough location: 52.583331 -0.249999 gregorian_date: 1177 AD year: 1177 month: 0 day: 0 event: Benedictus Abbas becomes abbot of Peterborough. |
title: Yorkshire location: 54.0 -1.499998 gregorian_date: 1177 AD year: 1177 month: 0 day: 0 event: Byland Abbey is founded in Yorkshire by the Cistercians. |
title: Angkor Wat location: 13.40749837 103.8666632 gregorian_date: 1177 AD year: 1177 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Cham sack the Khmer capital of Angkor Wat. |
title: California location: 35.458606 -119.355165 gregorian_date: 1178 AD year: 1178 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Sung Document is written, detailing the discovery of Mu-Lan-Pi (suggested by some to be California) by Muslim sailors. |
title: Leaning Tower of Pisa location: 43.720663784 10.389831774 gregorian_date: 1178 AD year: 1178 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Leaning Tower of Pisa begins to lean as the third level is completed. |
title: Angkor Wat location: 13.40749837 103.8666632 gregorian_date: 1178 AD year: 1178 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Cham sack the Khmer capital near Angkor Wat. |
title: Canterbury location: 51.27166558 1.085499658 gregorian_date: 1178 AD year: 1178 month: 6 day: 18 event: June 18—Five Canterbury monks see what is possibly the Giordano Bruno crater being formed. |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1179 AD year: 1179 month: 0 day: 0 event: Afonso I is recognized as the true King of Portugal by Pope Alexander III, bringing Portugal the protection of the Catholic Church against the Castilian monarchy. |
title: Westminster Abbey location: 51.492998028 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1179 AD year: 1179 month: 0 day: 0 event: Westminster School is founded by the monks of Westminster Abbey (by papal command). |
title: Chichen Itza location: 20.676403961 -88.5678543952 gregorian_date: 1179 AD year: 1179 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Maya city of Chichen Itza is sacked and burned by Hunac Ceel, the Mayapan king. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1180 AD year: 1180 month: 0 day: 0 event: Artois is annexed by France. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1180 AD year: 1180 month: 0 day: 0 event: Estimation: Hangzhou, capital of Southern Song China, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Fes in the Almohad Empire. |
title: Arizona location: 34 -112 gregorian_date: 1180 AD year: 1180 month: 0 day: 0 event: The last major volcanic eruption occurs of Sunset Crater, in Arizona. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1180 AD year: 1180 month: 11 day: 18 event: November 18—Philip II becomes King of France. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1181 AD year: 1181 month: 0 day: 0 event: The word Albigensians is first used by chronicler Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois to describe the inhabitants of Albi, France. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1182 AD year: 1182 month: 0 day: 0 event: Canute VI is crowned king of Denmark. |
title: Łęczyca location: 52.0499998 19.1999992 gregorian_date: 1182 AD year: 1182 month: 0 day: 0 event: The first Sejm, or Polish Parliament, convenes at Łęczyca. |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1182 AD year: 1182 month: 0 day: 0 event: Massacre of the Latins in Constantinople. |
title: Red Sea location: 22.0 38.0 gregorian_date: 1182 AD year: 1182 month: 0 day: 0 event: Raynald of Chatillon has seven ships freighted over the isthmus of Suez, which he then uses to pillage the shores of the Red Sea, as far as the gates of Mecca. |
title: India location: 21 78 gregorian_date: 1182 AD year: 1182 month: 0 day: 0 event: Battle of Palnadu: The Kalachuri civil war ends in victory for the Palanati Kalachuris of India, and their leader, Nalagama Raju. |
title: Pomerania location: 54.29443 18.15312 gregorian_date: 1184 AD year: 1184 month: 0 day: 0 event: Archbishop Absalon of Lund wins a naval victory over Bogislav, duke of Pomerania. |
title: Glastonbury Abbey location: 51.140666104 -2.708663832 gregorian_date: 1184 AD year: 1184 month: 0 day: 0 event: A great fire at Glastonbury Abbey destroys several buildings. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1185 AD year: 1185 month: 0 day: 0 event: Henry II of England knights his heir John of England and sends him to Ireland to enforce English control. According to Gerald of Wales, the only witness to chronicle the expedition, it is a disaster in which money is wasted on alcohol & the Irish chieftains are scorned into uniting against a common enemy. By the end of the year, John has returned to England in defeat. Nonetheless, Henry gets him named King of Ireland by Pope Urban III and procures a golden crown with peacock feathers. |
title: London location: 51.504331316 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1185 AD year: 1185 month: 0 day: 0 event: Templars settle in London and begin building the New Temple Church. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1185 AD year: 1185 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Katedralskolan, the oldest school in northern Europe, and one of the oldest in Europe, is founded in Lund, Denmark. |
title: Vardzia location: 41.371831846 43.254498982 gregorian_date: 1185 AD year: 1185 month: 8 day: 15 event: August 15—The cave city of Vardzia is consecrated by Queen Tamar of Georgia. |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1187 AD year: 1187 month: 0 day: 0 event: Alexius Branas attempts to seize Constantinople in defiance of his master Isaac II Angelus. |
title: Pomerania location: 54.29443 18.15312 gregorian_date: 1187 AD year: 1187 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Cathedral of St. Jacob is consecrated in Szczecin, Pomerania. |
title: Chichen Itza location: 20.676403961 -88.5678543952 gregorian_date: 1187 AD year: 1187 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Toltecs are deposed at Chichen Itza. |
title: Corsica location: 42.1499994 9.083333 gregorian_date: 1187 AD year: 1187 month: 0 day: 0 event: Genoa takes Bonifacio (in Corsica) from Pisa. |
title: Battle of Hattin location: 32.802163458 35.43999824 gregorian_date: 1187 AD year: 1187 month: 7 day: 4 event: July 4—Battle of Hattin: Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem. |
title: Krak des Chevaliers location: 34.75416365 36.28999884 gregorian_date: 1188 AD year: 1188 month: 0 day: 0 event: Saladin unsuccessfully besieges the Hospitaller fortress of Krak des Chevaliers in modern Syria. |
title: London location: 51.504331316 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1188 AD year: 1188 month: 0 day: 0 event: Newgate Prison is built in London. |
title: Basilica of San Isidoro location: 42.601 -5.571 gregorian_date: 1188 AD year: 1188 month: 0 day: 0 event: Alfonso IX of León convened at the Basilica of San Isidoro the Cortes of León with representatives of the nobility, clergy and towns. These Cortes are considered as the first parliament in Europe. |
title: Kerak location: 31.1749993 35.70083053 gregorian_date: 1189 AD year: 1189 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Crusader castles of Montreal and Kerak are captured by Saladin. |
title: Republic of Ireland location: 53.339831974 -6.267165598 gregorian_date: 1189 AD year: 1189 month: 0 day: 0 event: The town of Dundalk in the Republic of Ireland gains its charter. |
title: Switzerland location: 46.83333 8.333332 gregorian_date: 1191 AD year: 1191 month: 0 day: 0 event: Duke Berthold V of Zähringen founds the city of Bern (present-day Switzerland). |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1191 AD year: 1191 month: 0 day: 0 event: The first reference to the windmill in Europe is made by a Dean Herbert of East Anglia, whose mills are supposedly in competition with the abbey of Bury St Edmunds. This is probably an invention imported from interaction with the Muslim world, since the first windmills were most likely innovated from the Bana Musa brothers in the Islamic Middle East during the middle 9th century. The windmill will spread in the other direction, to be introduced to China by as early as 1219. |
title: Tusculum location: 41.798246 12.710716 gregorian_date: 1191 AD year: 1191 month: 4 day: 17 event: April 17—Tusculum is destroyed by the Commune of Rome's army. |
title: Battle of Arsuf location: 32.2012741949 34.8099667601 gregorian_date: 1191 AD year: 1191 month: 9 day: 7 event: September 7—Richard I of England defeats Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf during the Third Crusade. |
title: Beijing location: 39.903829718 116.374498502 gregorian_date: 1192 AD year: 1192 month: 0 day: 0 event: Marco Polo Bridge, or Lugouqiao, is completed in Beijing. |
title: Estonia location: 59 26 gregorian_date: 1192 AD year: 1192 month: 0 day: 0 event: Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich of Novgorod burns down Tartu and Otepää Castles in Estonia. |
title: Delhi location: 28.61 77.23 gregorian_date: 1193 AD year: 1193 month: 0 day: 0 event: Qutb-ud-din Aybak, a Ghurid slave commander, captures Delhi. |
title: Portsmouth location: 50.8166634 -1.083333 gregorian_date: 1194 AD year: 1194 month: 0 day: 0 event: The city of Portsmouth is awarded its Royal Charter. |
title: Huai River location: 32.4103 115.404 gregorian_date: 1194 AD year: 1194 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Yellow River of China experiences a major course change, taking over the Huai River drainage system for the next 700 years. |
title: Estonia location: 59 26 gregorian_date: 1194 AD year: 1194 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Danes attack Estonia. |
title: Chartres Cathedral location: 48.4416649 1.485998056 gregorian_date: 1194 AD year: 1194 month: 6 day: 10 event: June 10 – A fire at Chartres Cathedral leads to the start of its rebuilding. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1194 AD year: 1194 month: 7 day: 5 event: July 5 – Emperor Guangzong of Song China is forced to give up his throne. |
title: Battle of Alarcos location: 38.95166286 -4.0 gregorian_date: 1195 AD year: 1195 month: 7 day: 18 event: July 18—Battle of Alarcos: Almohad ruler Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur decisively defeats Castilian King Alfonso VIII. |
title: London location: 51.504331316 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1196 AD year: 1196 month: 0 day: 0 event: Spring—In London, a popular uprising of the poor against the rich is led by William Fitz Osbern. |
title: Alabama location: 33.0 -86.666664 gregorian_date: 1196 AD year: 1196 month: 0 day: 0 event: According to a popular legend, Prince Madog of Gwynedd reaches North America in what is present-day Alabama. |
title: Arbroath Abbey location: 56.55749777 -2.575997696 gregorian_date: 1197 AD year: 1197 month: 0 day: 0 event: Arbroath Abbey is consecrated, and dedicated to St. Thomas Becket. |
title: Corfu location: 39.666664 19.749997 gregorian_date: 1197 AD year: 1197 month: 0 day: 0 event: Corfu is occupied by the Genoese. |
title: Estonia location: 59 26 gregorian_date: 1197 AD year: 1197 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Danes attack Estonia. |
title: Devon location: 50.7 -3.8 gregorian_date: 1198 AD year: 1198 month: 0 day: 0 event: John of England captures a party of eighteen French knights & many men-at-arms in the ongoing conflict against France. King Richard I of England introduces a new Great Seal in an attempt to keep the war against France funded. The government proclaims that charters previously struck with the old seal are no longer valid and must be renewed with a fresh payment. The office of Lord Warden of the Stannaries is also introduced to tax the produce of tin mines in Cornwall and Devon. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1198 AD year: 1198 month: 1 day: 8 event: January 8—Pope Innocent III succeeds Pope Celestine III as the 176th pope. He immediately lays an interdict on Laon in an attempt to stamp out independent beliefs there. This will be followed by interdicts against France in 1199 and Normandy in 1203. |
title: Ohio location: 40.5 -82.5 gregorian_date: 1200 AD year: 1200 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Iroquois invade modern-day Ohio from the north. |
title: University of Paris location: 48.84249663 2.339331976 gregorian_date: 1200 AD year: 1200 month: 0 day: 0 event: The University of Paris receives its charter from Philip II of France. |
title: Aquitaine location: 44.583331 0.0 gregorian_date: 1200 AD year: 1200 month: 8 day: 24 event: August 24 – After touring an army through Aquitaine to assert his right to it, John of England weds 13 year old Isabella of Angoulême at Bordeaux. |
title: Flanders location: 50.8999964 4.5333312 gregorian_date: 1201 AD year: 1201 month: 0 day: 0 event: John of England puts an embargo on wheat exported to Flanders in an attempt to force an allegiance between the states. He also puts a levy of a fifteenth on the value of cargo exported to France, and disallows the export of wool to France without a special license. The levies are enforced in each port by at least six men, including one churchman and one knight. John also affirms this year that judgements made by the court of Westminster are as valid as those made before the king himself or his chief justice. |
title: Rueda Abbey location: 41.291498834 -0.308165434 gregorian_date: 1202 AD year: 1202 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda is founded in Aragon Province, Spain. |
title: 1202 Syria earthquake location: 33.5 36.0 gregorian_date: 1202 AD year: 1202 month: 5 day: 20 event: May 20 – An earthquake occurs in Syria. |
title: India location: 21 78 gregorian_date: 1203 AD year: 1203 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Temple of Nataraja is completed by Chidanbaram of India. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1203 AD year: 1203 month: 4 day: 16 event: April 16 – Philip II of France enters Rouen, leading to the eventual unification of Normandy and France. |
title: Bosphorus location: 41.11833286 29.071833046 gregorian_date: 1203 AD year: 1203 month: 6 day: 23 event: June 23 – The Fleet of the Fourth Crusade enters the Bosphorus. |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1203 AD year: 1203 month: 7 day: 17 event: July 17 – The armies of the Fourth Crusade capture Constantinople by assault; the Byzantine emperor Alexius III flees from his capital into exile. |
title: Kingdom of Thessalonica location: 40.6333308 22.9499962 gregorian_date: 1204 AD year: 1204 month: 0 day: 0 event: Boniface of Montferrat, a leader of the Fourth Crusade, founds the Kingdom of Thessalonica. |
title: University of Paris location: 48.84249663 2.339331976 gregorian_date: 1204 AD year: 1204 month: 0 day: 0 event: The writings of French theologian Amalric of Bena are condemned by the University of Paris and Pope Innocent III. |
title: Cham (district) location: 49.25 12.67 gregorian_date: 1204 AD year: 1204 month: 0 day: 0 event: The district of Cham becomes subject to Bavaria. |
title: Beaulieu Abbey location: 50.82164 -1.44913 gregorian_date: 1204 AD year: 1204 month: 0 day: 0 event: Beaulieu Abbey is founded. |
title: Jersey location: 49.187332584 -2.105999576 gregorian_date: 1204 AD year: 1204 month: 0 day: 0 event: Guernsey and Jersey decide, after a plebiscite of wealthy land owners, to remain with the English crown after Normandy was recaptured by Philip II of France. |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1204 AD year: 1204 month: 4 day: 13 event: April 13 – Fourth Crusade: The Crusaders take Constantinople by storm, and pillage the city for 3 days. |
title: Flanders location: 50.8999964 4.5333312 gregorian_date: 1204 AD year: 1204 month: 5 day: 16 event: May 16 – Baldwin, Count of Flanders is crowned emperor of the Latin Empire a week after his election by the members of the Fourth Crusade. |
title: Anjou location: 47.4666648 -0.5499978 gregorian_date: 1205 AD year: 1205 month: 0 day: 0 event: Anjou is conquered by Philip II of France. Fearing a French invasion of England itself, John of England requires every English male over 12 to enter an association for the general defence of the realm and the preservation of peace. |
title: Diocese of Bath and Wells location: 51.206165842 -2.638997444 gregorian_date: 1205 AD year: 1205 month: 0 day: 0 event: William of Wrotham, Lord Warden of the Stannaries of England, oversees a reform of English currency. In keeping with other high-ranking bureaucrats of his time and place, this is just one of Wrotham's many offices: he is also Keeper of the King's Ports & Galleys, supervisor of the mints of Canterbury and London, ward of the vacant Diocese of Bath and Wells, an archdeacon of Taunton, a canon of Wells, and will serve the following year as a circuit judge. |
title: Estonia location: 59 26 gregorian_date: 1206 AD year: 1206 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Valdemar II and Archbishop Andreas Sunonis raid Saaremaa Island, Estonia, forcing the islanders to submit. The Danes build a fortress, but finding no volunteers to man it, they burn it down themselves and leave the island. |
title: Liverpool location: 53.3999984 -2.9833294 gregorian_date: 1207 AD year: 1207 month: 0 day: 0 event: King John issues letters patent creating the new Borough of Liverpool. |
title: Leeds location: 53.793163494 -1.542831162 gregorian_date: 1207 AD year: 1207 month: 0 day: 0 event: November – Leeds, then a market town, received its first charter. |
title: Estonia location: 59 26 gregorian_date: 1208 AD year: 1208 month: 0 day: 0 event: With the help of the newly converted local tribes of Livs and Letts, the Crusaders initiate raids into part of what is present-day Estonia; the resulting ancient fight for independence lasts until 1227. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1208 AD year: 1208 month: 1 day: 31 event: January 31 – Battle of Lena: Inferior Swedish forces defeat the invading Danes and king Sverker the Younger is deposed as king of Sweden. He is succeeded by his rival Erik Knutsson. |
title: West Lake location: 30.249999 120.1333328 gregorian_date: 1208 AD year: 1208 month: 4 day: 15 event: April 15 – A fire breaks out in the Song Chinese capital city of Hangzhou, raging for 4 days and nights, destroying 58,097 over an area of more than 3 miles, killing 59 people, and an unrecorded amount of other people who are trampled while attempting to flee. The government provides temporary lodging for 5,345 people in nearby Buddhist and Taoist monasteries. The collective victims of the disaster are given 160,000 strings of cash, along with 400 tons of rice. Some of the government officials who lost their homes take up residence in rented boathouses on the nearby West Lake. |
title: London Bridge location: 51.504831314 -0.085999656 gregorian_date: 1209 AD year: 1209 month: 0 day: 0 event: London Bridge is completed. |
title: Iran location: 32 53 gregorian_date: 1209 AD year: 1209 month: 0 day: 0 event: The army of the Kingdom of Georgia raids the Muslim principalities in north Iran. |
title: London location: 51.504331316 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1210 AD year: 1210 month: 0 day: 0 event: St Helen's Bishopsgate in London is founded. |
title: Smithsonian Institution location: 38.8888 -77.026 gregorian_date: 1210 AD year: 1210 month: 0 day: 0 event: 1210–1211 – Shazi makes Pen box, from Persia (Iran) or Afghanistan. It is now kept at Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.. |
title: Battle of Gestilren location: 58.190999236 13.822996708 gregorian_date: 1210 AD year: 1210 month: 7 day: 17 event: July 17 – Former king Sverker the Younger of Sweden is defeated and killed by present king Erik Knutsson of Sweden in the Battle of Gestilren. |
title: Estonia location: 59 26 gregorian_date: 1211 AD year: 1211 month: 0 day: 0 event: Troops led by Estonian resistance fighter Lembitu of Lehola destroy a garrison of missionaries in the historical Estonian region of Sakala, and raid the Russian town of Pskov. |
title: Beijing location: 39.903829718 116.374498502 gregorian_date: 1211 AD year: 1211 month: 0 day: 0 event: Mongol forces under Genghis Khan invade Jin China, aiming at this stage simply to loot the countryside. A Chinese army is defeated and slaughtered at the Badger's Mount Campaign near Zhangjiakou and another is beaten at Mukden, where the city is taken. Beijing is also besieged by the Mongol hordes. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1212 AD year: 1212 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Children's Crusade, led by 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes, sets out for the Holy Land from France. |
title: Bran Castle location: 45.5066496401 25.3686235255 gregorian_date: 1212 AD year: 1212 month: 0 day: 0 event: Bran Castle is erected by the Teutonic Knights. |
title: Beijing location: 39.903829718 116.374498502 gregorian_date: 1213 AD year: 1213 month: 0 day: 0 event: Jin China is overrun by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, who plunder the countryside and cities, until only Beijing remains free, despite two bloody palace coups and a lengthy siege. |
title: Battle of Damme location: 51.3334853327 3.37575349698 gregorian_date: 1213 AD year: 1213 month: 5 day: 30 event: May 30 – Battle of Damme: The English fleet under William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury destroys a French fleet off the Belgian port, in the first major victory for the fledgling Royal Navy. |
title: Battle of Muret location: 43.4666648 1.333332 gregorian_date: 1213 AD year: 1213 month: 9 day: 12 event: September 12 – Battle of Muret: The Toulousain and Aragonese forces of Raymond VI of Toulouse and Peter II of Aragon are defeated by the Albigensian Crusade under Simon de Montfort. |
title: Bielefeld location: 52.0166666 8.5166646 gregorian_date: 1214 AD year: 1214 month: 0 day: 0 event: The German city of Bielefeld is founded. |
title: Beijing location: 39.903829718 116.374498502 gregorian_date: 1214 AD year: 1214 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Emperor of Jin China surrenders to the Mongols under Genghis Khan, who have besieged Beijing for a year. He pays a huge ransom and then abandons Northern China, heading for Kaifeng. |
title: University of Oxford location: 51.7611 -1.2534 gregorian_date: 1214 AD year: 1214 month: 6 day: 20 event: June 20 – The University of Oxford receives its charter. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1214 AD year: 1214 month: 7 day: 27 event: July 27 – Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. |
title: Beijing location: 39.903829718 116.374498502 gregorian_date: 1215 AD year: 1215 month: 0 day: 0 event: Beijing is captured and torched by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, initiating the Yuan Dynasty in China. Beijing burns for more than a month. |
title: New York location: 43 -75 gregorian_date: 1215 AD year: 1215 month: 0 day: 0 event: 1215–1216 – The Macy Jug, from Iran, is made. It is now kept at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1216 AD year: 1216 month: 0 day: 0 event: Ballintubber Abbey is founded by King Cathal Crovdearg O'Connor of Connaught in Ireland. |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1217 AD year: 1217 month: 0 day: 0 event: April 9 – Peter of Courtenay is crowned emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople at Rome, by Pope Honorius III. |
title: Battle of Sandwich (1217) location: 51.275 1.42 gregorian_date: 1217 AD year: 1217 month: 0 day: 0 event: August 24 – First Barons' War: In the Battle of Sandwich between English and French soldiers in the English Channel, mercenary Eustace the Monk, working for the French side, is captured and beheaded. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1217 AD year: 1217 month: 0 day: 0 event: England decrees that only Englishman can be clergy of Ireland. |
title: Damietta location: 31.416665 31.8166634 gregorian_date: 1218 AD year: 1218 month: 0 day: 0 event: Damietta is besieged by the knights of the Fifth Crusade. |
title: Estonia location: 59 26 gregorian_date: 1218 AD year: 1218 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Livonian Brothers of the Sword begin to conquer Estonia. |
title: University of Salamanca location: 40.961612 -5.667607 gregorian_date: 1218 AD year: 1218 month: 0 day: 0 event: Alfonso IX of Castile founds the University of Salamanca. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1219 AD year: 1219 month: 0 day: 0 event: June 15 – Battle of Lyndanisse: Danish crusaders led by King Waldemar II conquer Tallinn. The Flag of Denmark allegedly falls from the sky during that battle. |
title: Damietta location: 31.416665 31.8166634 gregorian_date: 1219 AD year: 1219 month: 0 day: 0 event: November 5 – Damietta, Egypt falls to the Crusaders after a siege. |
title: Estonia location: 59 26 gregorian_date: 1220 AD year: 1220 month: 0 day: 0 event: August 8 – Battle of Lihula: The Estonians defeat the invading Swedes. |
title: Samarkand location: 39.65249739 66.95582951 gregorian_date: 1220 AD year: 1220 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Mongols first invade the Abbasid Caliphate; Bukhara and Samarkand are taken. |
title: Caspian Sea location: 40 51 gregorian_date: 1220 AD year: 1220 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Islamic lands of Central Asia are overrun by the armies of the Mongol invader Genghis Khan (ca. 1155–1227), who lays waste to many civilizations and creates an empire that stretches from China to the Caspian Sea. However, he fails to destroy the strength of Islam in Central Asia. |
title: Amiens Cathedral location: 49.890329772 2.301332128 gregorian_date: 1220 AD year: 1220 month: 0 day: 0 event: Rebuilding of Amiens Cathedral begins. |
title: York Minster location: 53.957162838 -1.07583303 gregorian_date: 1220 AD year: 1220 month: 0 day: 0 event: Rebuilding of York Minster begins. |
title: Salisbury Cathedral location: 51.058833098 -1.791830166 gregorian_date: 1220 AD year: 1220 month: 0 day: 0 event: Building of the Salisbury Cathedral begins. |
title: Chichen Itza location: 20.676403961 -88.5678543952 gregorian_date: 1221 AD year: 1221 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Maya of the Yucatán revolt against the rulers of Chichen Itza. |
title: Tbilisi location: 41.7166638 44.7833302 gregorian_date: 1221 AD year: 1221 month: 0 day: 0 event: A large and highly efficient Mongol army, dispatched under Subutai by Genghis Khan to Georgia, defeats two Georgian armies around Tbilisi, but lacks the will or equipment to besiege the city. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1221 AD year: 1221 month: 0 day: 0 event: Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II founds the University of Padua in Italy. |
title: Damietta location: 31.416665 31.8166634 gregorian_date: 1221 AD year: 1221 month: 0 day: 0 event: Sultan Kamil, Saladin's son and successor, offers Palestine to the Crusaders in return for Damietta, which the Crusaders eventually give up in exchange for a safe retreat from the Nile Delta. |
title: Merv location: 37.657664036 62.188832578 gregorian_date: 1221 AD year: 1221 month: 2 day: 0 event: February – Merv is sacked by the Mongols under Tolui at the orders of Genghis Khan. Contemporary scholars report over a million people are systematically killed in the aftermath. |
title: 1222 Cyprus earthquake location: 34.7 32.6 gregorian_date: 1222 AD year: 1222 month: 5 day: 11 event: May 11 – 1222 Cyprus earthquake. |
title: Battle of the Kalka River location: 47.2504723314 37.490743037 gregorian_date: 1223 AD year: 1223 month: 0 day: 0 event: May 31 – Battle of the Kalka River: The Mongol armies of Genghis Khan defeat the Russian warriors. |
title: Tula Hidalgo location: 20.0499998 -99.3499986 gregorian_date: 1224 AD year: 1224 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Chichimecas capture Tula, Hidalgo. |
title: New York location: 43 -75 gregorian_date: 1224 AD year: 1224 month: 0 day: 0 event: September 14 (approximately) — St. Francis of Assisi, while praying on the mountain of Verna, during a 40-day fast, is said to have had a vision, as a result of which he received the stigmata. Brother Leo, who had been with Francis at the time, left a clear and simple account of the event, the first definite account of the phenomenon of stigmata.New York date = 09/01/1909 url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06221a.htm accessdate = 2008-01-21}}< |
title: Delhi location: 28.61 77.23 gregorian_date: 1225 AD year: 1225 month: 0 day: 0 event: Iltutmish, the sultan of Delhi, repels a Mongol attack. |
title: Gąsawa location: 52.7666636 17.749997 gregorian_date: 1227 AD year: 1227 month: 0 day: 0 event: November 23 – Polish Prince Leszek I the White is assassinated at an assembly of Piast dukes at Gąsawa. |
title: Finland location: 65 27 gregorian_date: 1227 AD year: 1227 month: 0 day: 0 event: According to Russian chronicles, Novgorod attacks Finland with devastating results. |
title: Estonia location: 59 26 gregorian_date: 1227 AD year: 1227 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Estonian ancient fight for independence ends with foreign rule in the country for next 700 years. |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1228 AD year: 1228 month: 0 day: 0 event: Baldwin II becomes emperor of the Latin Empire in Constantinople, with John of Brienne as regent. |
title: Sukaphaa location: 27.324195 95.119629 gregorian_date: 1228 AD year: 1228 month: 0 day: 0 event: Sukaphaa, the first Ahom king, establishes his rule in Assam. The Ahom kings reign for close to 600 years. |
title: Majorca location: 39.6166642 2.9833294 gregorian_date: 1228 AD year: 1228 month: 0 day: 0 event: King James I of Aragon decides to launch a major offensive against the Muslims in Majorca. |
title: Gloucestershire location: 51.83333 -2.166666 gregorian_date: 1229 AD year: 1229 month: 0 day: 0 event: Beverston Castle, Gloucestershire, England is founded. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1229 AD year: 1229 month: 0 day: 0 event: The University of Toulouse is founded in France. |
title: Finland location: 65 27 gregorian_date: 1229 AD year: 1229 month: 0 day: 0 event: The city of Turku, Finland is founded. |
title: Bethlehem location: 31.7166638 35.1999992 gregorian_date: 1229 AD year: 1229 month: 2 day: 18 event: February 18 – Sixth Crusade: Frederick II signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy. |
title: Majorca location: 39.6166642 2.9833294 gregorian_date: 1229 AD year: 1229 month: 9 day: 12 event: September 12 – The Aragonese army under the command of James I of Aragon disembarks at Santa Ponça, Majorca, with the purpose of conquering the island. |
title: Siby location: 12.3833318 -8.333332 gregorian_date: 1230 AD year: 1230 month: 0 day: 0 event: In the West African village of Siby, Sundiata Keita, founder of the Mali Empire, forces the Malinkés to bind themselves to each other by oath. |
title: Klokotnitsa location: 41.9833294 25.499998 gregorian_date: 1230 AD year: 1230 month: 3 day: 9 event: March 9 – Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II defeats Theodore of Epirus near the village of Klokotnitsa. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1231 AD year: 1231 month: 0 day: 0 event: April 9 – After a bizarre weather phenomena of yellowish clouds and dust chokes the air around Hangzhou, Song Dynasty, China, obscuring the sky and sun, a fire breaks out at night in the southeast of the city, which continues into the next day. Fighting the flames is difficult due to limited visibility. When the fires are extinguished, it is discovered that an entire district of some 10,000 houses in the southeast of the city were consumed by the flames. |
title: Korea location: 38.3166654 127.2333324 gregorian_date: 1231 AD year: 1231 month: 0 day: 0 event: Mongol troops cross the Yalu River into Korea, then under the Goryeo Kingdom. |
title: Tripitaka Koreana location: 35.7999968 128.0999996 gregorian_date: 1232 AD year: 1232 month: 0 day: 0 event: The first edition of ''Tripitaka Koreana'' is destroyed by Mongol invaders. |
title: Elburg location: 52.4499982 5.83333 gregorian_date: 1233 AD year: 1233 month: 0 day: 0 event: Elburg gets its city-rights. |
title: Baghdad location: 33.325 44.422 gregorian_date: 1233 AD year: 1233 month: 0 day: 0 event: Mustansiriya School is founded in Baghdad. |
title: Runan County location: 33.007068 114.362412 gregorian_date: 1234 AD year: 1234 month: 2 day: 9 event: February 9 – Song Dynasty Chinese and Mongolian armies occupy the Jurchen capital at Caizhou, marking the collapse of the Jin Dynasty (1115–1234). |
title: Lancaster Royal Grammar School location: 54.036499854 -2.620164186 gregorian_date: 1235 AD year: 1235 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Lancaster Royal Grammar School is founded. |
title: Battle of Kirina location: 12.3063889 -8.1516667 gregorian_date: 1235 AD year: 1235 month: 0 day: 0 event: Prince Sogolon Djata leads the Mandinka to victory at the Battle of Kirina against the Susu marking the birth of the Mali Empire. |
title: Chengdu location: 30.65583071 104.057999768 gregorian_date: 1236 AD year: 1236 month: 0 day: 0 event: Only 4 of 58 districts in Sichuan, China, are captured from the Southern Song by the Mongols under Ögedei. The population of Chengdu, roughly one million inhabitants, is summarily slaughtered after the Mongols take the city with little effort. |
title: Elbląg location: 54.166666 19.3999984 gregorian_date: 1237 AD year: 1237 month: 0 day: 0 event: Elbląg, Poland is founded. |
title: Caucasus location: 42.25666564 44.119332856 gregorian_date: 1237 AD year: 1237 month: 0 day: 0 event: After turning aside south for 15 years to invade the Caucasus, Asia Minor and Persia{{mdash |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1237 AD year: 1237 month: 0 day: 0 event: Gualdo Tadino, Italy, is destroyed by fire. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1237 AD year: 1237 month: 0 day: 0 event: The County of Artois is founded in France. |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1237 AD year: 1237 month: 0 day: 0 event: Baldwin II becomes Latin Emperor of Constantinople. |
title: Kingdom of England location: 51.105332912 1.52083125 gregorian_date: 1237 AD year: 1237 month: 0 day: 0 event: England and Scotland sign the Treaty of York, establishing the location of their common border. |
title: Bhutan location: 27.417 90.435 gregorian_date: 1238 AD year: 1238 month: 0 day: 0 event: Thowadra Monastery is founded in Bhutan. |
title: Kievan Rus' location: 50.4499982 30.5166646 gregorian_date: 1240 AD year: 1240 month: 0 day: 0 event: Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kiev. |
title: Battle of Kirina location: 12.3063889 -8.1516667 gregorian_date: 1240 AD year: 1240 month: 0 day: 0 event: Battle of Kirina: Mandinka prince Sundiata Keita defeats Sosso king Soumaoro Kanté, beginning the Mali Empire. |
title: Battle of the Neva location: 59.804496782 30.60249759 gregorian_date: 1240 AD year: 1240 month: 0 day: 0 event: July 15 – Battle of the Neva: Russian prince Alexander Nevsky defeats the Swedes, saving Russia from a full-scale enemy invasion from the North. |
title: Sulu Archipelago location: 6.0 121.0 gregorian_date: 1240 AD year: 1240 month: 0 day: 0 event: Tuan Mash'ika, an Arab, travels and introduces Islam to Sulu. |
title: Korea location: 38.3166654 127.2333324 gregorian_date: 1241 AD year: 1241 month: 0 day: 0 event: Emperor Lizong of Song China accepts the Neo-Confucian teachings of the late Zhu Xi, including his commentary on the Four Books. This will have an impact upon the philosophical schools of surrounding countries as well, including Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. |
title: Battle of Mohi location: 47.9733111067 20.9079713681 gregorian_date: 1241 AD year: 1241 month: 4 day: 11 event: April 11 – Battle of Mohi: Batu Khan and Subutai defeat Béla IV of Hungary. The battle is the last major event in the Mongol Invasion of Europe. |
title: Lake Peipus location: 58.6833306 27.4833314 gregorian_date: 1242 AD year: 1242 month: 0 day: 0 event: April 5 – During a battle on the ice of Lake Peipus, Russian forces, led by Alexander Nevsky, rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights. |
title: Karakorum location: 47.192165898 102.819330056 gregorian_date: 1242 AD year: 1242 month: 0 day: 0 event: A French goldsmith working in Budapest named Guillaume Boucher is captured by the Mongols and taken to Karakorum. |
title: Gradec Zagreb location: 45.971329448 15.970996116 gregorian_date: 1242 AD year: 1242 month: 0 day: 0 event: The golden bull issued by King Béla IV to inhabitants of Gradec (today's Zagreb) and Samobor in Croatia, during Mongol invasion of Europe. By this golden bull King Bela IV proclaimed a Free Royal Borough (free and royal city). |
title: Crown of Castile location: 40.3833318 -3.7166638 gregorian_date: 1243 AD year: 1243 month: 0 day: 0 event: Castile captures the city of Murcia from the Moors. |
title: Westminster Abbey location: 51.492998028 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1245 AD year: 1245 month: 0 day: 0 event: The rebuilding of Westminster Abbey is started. |
title: Chapultepec location: 19.407831702 -99.191999232 gregorian_date: 1246 AD year: 1246 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Mexicans settle Chapultepec, a former Toltec stronghold. |
title: Sainte-Chapelle location: 48.85332992 2.340165306 gregorian_date: 1246 AD year: 1246 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Gothic chapel of Sainte-Chapelle is built. |
title: Beaulieu Abbey location: 50.82164 -1.44913 gregorian_date: 1246 AD year: 1246 month: 0 day: 0 event: Beaulieu Abbey is dedicated. |
title: London location: 51.504331316 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1247 AD year: 1247 month: 0 day: 0 event: Romford, London, England is chartered as a market town. |
title: Bethlem Royal Hospital location: 51.3809 -0.0306 gregorian_date: 1247 AD year: 1247 month: 0 day: 0 event: Bedlam becomes part of London. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1248 AD year: 1248 month: 0 day: 0 event: April 26 – The Gothic chapel Sainte-Chapelle is consecrated in Paris, France. |
title: Ommen location: 52.5166646 6.4333316 gregorian_date: 1248 AD year: 1248 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III, Archbishop of Utrecht on August 25. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1249 AD year: 1249 month: 0 day: 0 event: August 15 – The First Battle of Athenry is fought in Galway, Ireland. |
title: Al-Andalus location: 41.5166646 -2.8166634 gregorian_date: 1249 AD year: 1249 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Moors lose possession of Alicante in Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain). |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1249 AD year: 1249 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Afonso III of Portugal recaptures Faro in the Algarve from the Moors, thus ending the Portuguese Reconquista. |
title: Greece location: 39 22 gregorian_date: 1249 AD year: 1249 month: 0 day: 0 event: The city of Mystras, Greece is fortified and a palace is constructed there by William II Villehardouin. |
title: Finland location: 65 27 gregorian_date: 1249 AD year: 1249 month: 0 day: 0 event: Swedish statesman Birger Jarl subjugates the province of Tavastia in Finland, securing Swedish power in Finland. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1249 AD year: 1249 month: 0 day: 0 event: Alphonse of Toulouse orders the expulsion of Jews from Poitou, France. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1249 AD year: 1249 month: 0 day: 0 event: Jean Mouflet makes an agreement with the abbot of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif in the Senonais region in France: in return for an annual payment, the monastery will recognize Jean as a citizen of Sens. He is a leather merchant, has a leather shop that he leases for the rent of 50 shillings a year. The agreement is witnessed by Jean's wife, Douce, daughter of a wealthy and prominent citizen of Sens, Felis Charpentier. |
title: Buda location: 47.4666648 19.0499998 gregorian_date: 1249 AD year: 1249 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Hungarian capital is moved from Esztergom to Buda. |
title: Damietta location: 31.416665 31.8166634 gregorian_date: 1249 AD year: 1249 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Louis IX of France captures Damietta in Egypt, the first major military engagement of the Seventh Crusade. |
title: Damietta location: 31.416665 31.8166634 gregorian_date: 1250 AD year: 1250 month: 0 day: 0 event: April 30 – King Louis IX of France is released by his Egyptian captors, after paying a ransom of one million dinars and turning over the city of Damietta. |
title: Romney Marsh location: 51.023 0.915 gregorian_date: 1250 AD year: 1250 month: 0 day: 0 event: October 12 – A great storm shifts the mouth of the River Rother 12 miles (20 km) to the west; a battering series of strong storms significantly alter other coastal geography as well (''see Romney Marsh''). |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1250 AD year: 1250 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Afonso III of Portugal captures the Algarve from the Moors, thus completing the expulsion of the Moors from Portugal. |
title: University of Valladolid location: 41.651330728 -4.719497122 gregorian_date: 1250 AD year: 1250 month: 0 day: 0 event: The University of Valladolid is founded in Spain. |
title: Rialto Bridge location: 45.438037 12.335895 gregorian_date: 1250 AD year: 1250 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Rialto Bridge in Venice, Italy is converted from a pontoon bridge to a permanent, raised wooden structure. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1250 AD year: 1250 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Parlement law courts of ''ancien régime'' France are established. |
title: Siberia location: 60.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1250 AD year: 1250 month: 0 day: 0 event: A kurultai is called by Batu Khan in Siberia as part of maneuverings to eventually elect Möngke Khan as khan of the Mongol empire in 1251. |
title: Quanzhou location: 24.916663 118.583331 gregorian_date: 1250 AD year: 1250 month: 0 day: 0 event: Starting in this year and ending in 1275, the foreign-born Muslim Kuwabara serves as the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for the Song Dynasty Chinese seaport at Quanzhou, where he writes a monograph on the Chinese shipping industry and maritime economy. |
title: Kievan Rus' location: 50.4499982 30.5166646 gregorian_date: 1251 AD year: 1251 month: 0 day: 0 event: Alexander Nevsky signs the first peace treaty between Kievan Rus' and Norway. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1251 AD year: 1251 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Conrad IV of Germany invades Italy, but fails to subdue the supporters of Pope Innocent IV. |
title: Tripitaka Koreana location: 35.7999968 128.0999996 gregorian_date: 1251 AD year: 1251 month: 0 day: 0 event: The carving of the ''Tripitaka Koreana'', a collection of Buddhist scriptures recorded on some 81,000 wooden blocks, is completed. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1251 AD year: 1251 month: 4 day: 0 event: April – The first Shepherds' Crusade, a domestic French uprising in response to events in Egypt during the Seventh Crusade, occurs. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1252 AD year: 1252 month: 0 day: 0 event: December 25 – Christopher I of Denmark is crowned King of Denmark in Lund Cathedral |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1252 AD year: 1252 month: 0 day: 0 event: The first European gold coins are minted in the Italian city of Florence, and are known as florins. |
title: University of Paris location: 48.84249663 2.339331976 gregorian_date: 1252 AD year: 1252 month: 0 day: 0 event: Thomas Aquinas travels to the University of Paris to begin his studies there for a masters degree. |
title: Flanders location: 50.8999964 4.5333312 gregorian_date: 1253 AD year: 1253 month: 0 day: 0 event: July – William II, Count of Holland defeats the Flemish army at Westkapelle. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1253 AD year: 1253 month: 0 day: 0 event: A series of naval wars begins between the Italian city-states of Genoa and Venice, which will continue sporadically until 1371. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1253 AD year: 1253 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Basilica of San Francesco, the earliest important structure in the Italian Gothic style of architecture, is completed in Assisi, Italy. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1253 AD year: 1253 month: 0 day: 0 event: Sligo Abbey is built in Sligo, Ireland. |
title: London location: 51.504331316 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1253 AD year: 1253 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Domus Conversorum, a building and institution in London for Jews who had converted to Christianity, is established by King Henry III of England. |
title: Cairo location: 30.054833114 31.223999104 gregorian_date: 1253 AD year: 1253 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Mongol Empire launches attacks on the Muslim cities of Baghdad and Cairo. |
title: Yunnan location: 24.499998 101.499998 gregorian_date: 1253 AD year: 1253 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Mongol Empire destroys the Kingdom of Dali in modern Yunnan and incorporates the region into their empire. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1253 AD year: 1253 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Chinese era ''Baoyou'' begins in the Southern Song Dynasty of China. |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1253 AD year: 1253 month: 5 day: 0 event: May – King Louis IX of France dispatches William of Rubruck from Constantinople on a missionary journey to convert the Tatars of central and eastern Asia. Later that year, William records the first meeting between European Christians and Buddhists. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1254 AD year: 1254 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Louis IX of France, having exhausted his funds and being needed at home, abandons the Seventh Crusade (which he had conducted first in Egypt and then Syria) and returns to France. |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1254 AD year: 1254 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Afonso III of Portugal holds the first session of the ''Cortes'' (Portugal's general assembly composed of nobles, members of the middle class, and representatives from all municipalities) in Leiria. |
title: Denmark location: 56 10 gregorian_date: 1254 AD year: 1254 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Danish city of Copenhagen receives its city charter. |
title: St Mark's Basilica location: 45.4345 12.3396 gregorian_date: 1254 AD year: 1254 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Horses of Saint Mark, once supposed to have adorned the Arch of Trajan in ancient Rome, are installed at Saint Mark's Basilica in Venice. |
title: Malmö location: 55.583331 12.916663 gregorian_date: 1254 AD year: 1254 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Swedish city of Malmö is founded. |
title: Yunnan location: 24.499998 101.499998 gregorian_date: 1254 AD year: 1254 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Mongols destroy the Kingdom of Dali in modern Yunnan. |
title: Lisbon location: 38.7082888335 -9.13696445214 gregorian_date: 1255 AD year: 1255 month: 0 day: 0 event: Lisbon becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Portugal. |
title: UNESCO location: 48.85 2.306 gregorian_date: 1255 AD year: 1255 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Gothic cathedral at Bourges, France, is completed. It is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1255 AD year: 1255 month: 5 day: 0 event: May – William of Rubruck from Constantinople returns to Cyprus from his missionary journey to convert the Tatars of central and eastern Asia, his efforts having been unsuccessful. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1255 AD year: 1255 month: 8 day: 0 event: August – The final Cathar stronghold in southern France falls, eliminating their last refuge since the Roman Catholic Church began the Albigensian Crusade to crush the sect in 1209. |
title: Iran location: 32 53 gregorian_date: 1256 AD year: 1256 month: 0 day: 0 event: December 15 – Hulagu Khan captures and destroys the Hashshashin stronghold at Alamut in present-day Iran. |
title: Iran location: 32 53 gregorian_date: 1256 AD year: 1256 month: 0 day: 0 event: Hulagu Khan establishes the Ilkhanate dynasty of Persia, which will become one of four main divisions of the Mongol Empire. |
title: Anatolia location: 39 32 gregorian_date: 1256 AD year: 1256 month: 10 day: 0 event: October – Mongol commander Baiju (operating under Hulagu Khan's command) leads his forces in a victory over Kay Ka'us II of the Sultanate of Rüm, thereby capturing Anatolia. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1257 AD year: 1257 month: 0 day: 0 event: Robert de Sorbon founds the ''Collège de Sorbonne'' at Paris, giving a formal college (and still-common name) to the already existing University of Paris in France. |
title: Kraków location: 50.056833106 19.935662924 gregorian_date: 1257 AD year: 1257 month: 0 day: 0 event: The city of Kraków is rebuilt by Boleslaus V of Poland after being nearly destroyed in the Tatar invasions in 1241. |
title: Baghdad location: 33.325 44.422 gregorian_date: 1258 AD year: 1258 month: 0 day: 0 event: February 10 – Battle of Baghdad (1258) – Hulagu Khan's Mongol forces overrun Baghdad, then the leading center of Islamic culture and learning and capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. They burn the imperial city to the ground, killing as many as 1,000,000 citizens. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1258 AD year: 1258 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Chinese era ''Baoyou'' ends in the Northern Song Dynasty of China. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1258 AD year: 1258 month: 0 day: 0 event: Civil unrest in northern Italy spawns the medieval musical form of Geisslerlieder, penitential songs sung by wandering bands of Flagellants. |
title: Korea location: 38.3166654 127.2333324 gregorian_date: 1258 AD year: 1258 month: 0 day: 0 event: Korea surrenders to the Mongols, ending the effective resistance of the Choe faction within Korea. |
title: Iraq location: 33.0 44.0 gregorian_date: 1258 AD year: 1258 month: 1 day: 0 event: January – One of the largest volcanic eruptions of the Holocene epoch occurs, possibly from a tropical location such as El Chichón, Mexico or Quilotoa, Ecuador.Geophysical Research Letters'', 321, XXXX, doi:10.1029/2006JAXYZW, Mar 2006. (available [http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~julieneg/docs/1258_enso_grl.pdf online], pdf file)< Observed effects of the eruption include the following anecdotal accounts: dry fog in France; lunar eclipses in England; severe winter in Europe; a harsh spring in Northern Iceland; famine in England, Western Germany, France, and Northern Italy; and pestilence in London, parts of France, Austria, Iraq, Syria, and South-East Turkey. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1259 AD year: 1259 month: 0 day: 0 event: December 4 – Kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England agree to the Treaty of Paris, in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including Normandy) in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels. |
title: UNESCO location: 48.85 2.306 gregorian_date: 1259 AD year: 1259 month: 0 day: 0 event: The famous frescoes of the Boyana Church in Bulgaria are completed (the church and its murals are now a UNESCO World Heritage Site). |
title: Baltic Sea location: 59.499998 23.0 gregorian_date: 1259 AD year: 1259 month: 0 day: 0 event: The German cities of Lübeck, Wismar, and Rostock enter into a pact to defend against pirates of the Baltic Sea, laying the groundwork for the Hanseatic League. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1259 AD year: 1259 month: 0 day: 0 event: August 11 – While conducting a siege against the Song Dynasty city known as Fishing Town in the province of Chongqing, China, the Mongol Khagan, Mongke Khan, dies in the nearby hills. Persian, Chinese, and Mongol records have different accounts of how he died, including succumbing to an arrow wound received by a Chinese archer in the siege, dysentery, and even a cholera epidemic. His death sparks a succession crisis in the Mongol Empire, while his brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai soon convene their own kuriltai to elect themselves as the next Khan of Khans, opening the path to a four–year-long civil war from 1260 to 1264. In the end, Ariq Böke surrenders to Kublai. |
title: Qingzhou location: 36.691330568 118.474498102 gregorian_date: 1259 AD year: 1259 month: 0 day: 0 event: While engaged in a war with the Mongols, the Song Chinese official Li Zengbo writes in his ''Kozhai Zagao, Xugaohou'' that the city of Qingzhou is manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron-cased gunpowder bomb shells a month, dispatching to Xiangyang and Yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time. |
title: Korea location: 38.3166654 127.2333324 gregorian_date: 1259 AD year: 1259 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Goryeo kingdom in Korea surrenders to invading Mongol forces. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1259 AD year: 1259 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Chinese era ''Kaiqing'' begins and ends in the Northern Song Dynasty of China. |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1259 AD year: 1259 month: 9 day: 0 event: September – Battle of Pelagonia: The Empire of Nicaea defeats the Principality of Achaea, ensuring the eventual reconquest of Constantinople in 1261. |
title: Switzerland location: 46.83333 8.333332 gregorian_date: 1260 AD year: 1260 month: 0 day: 0 event: War breaks out in the Valais (today in Switzerland) as the Bishopry of Sion defends against an invasion by the County of Savoy. |
title: UNESCO location: 48.85 2.306 gregorian_date: 1260 AD year: 1260 month: 0 day: 0 event: October 24 – The Cathedral of Chartres is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France (the cathedral is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site). |
title: Perthshire location: 56.499998 -4.0 gregorian_date: 1260 AD year: 1260 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction on the Dunkeld Cathedral begins in Perthshire, Scotland. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1260 AD year: 1260 month: 0 day: 0 event: May 21 – Kublai sends his envoy Hao Jing to negotiate with Song Dynasty Chancellor Jia Sidao, after the small force left by Kublai south of the Yangzi River is destroyed by a Chinese army of the Southern Song Dynasty. Chancellor Jia Sidao imprisons the entire embassy of Kublai. This slight will not be forgotten by Kublai, but he is unable to assault the Song due to the civil war with his rival brother Ariq Böke. |
title: Bengal location: 23.42 90.22 gregorian_date: 1260 AD year: 1260 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Sena Dynasty of Bengal falls. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1260 AD year: 1260 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Chinese era ''Jingding'' begins and ends in the Southern Song Dynasty of China. |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1261 AD year: 1261 month: 0 day: 0 event: July 25 – The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, thus re-establishing the Byzantine Empire. |
title: Switzerland location: 46.83333 8.333332 gregorian_date: 1261 AD year: 1261 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Convent of Wurmsbach is established in Switzerland. |
title: Cairo location: 30.054833114 31.223999104 gregorian_date: 1261 AD year: 1261 month: 0 day: 0 event: Baibars establishes a puppet caliphate in Cairo. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1261 AD year: 1261 month: 0 day: 0 event: Kublai Khan, who became a Khagan claimant in the previously year, releases 75 Song Dynasty Chinese merchants from captivity after they had been captured along the border of his Empire and the Southern Song Dynasty of China. This is an act to increase his reputation amongst the Chinese, shore up his legitimacy as a just ruler, and to gain more defectors from the Southern Song Dynasty. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1261 AD year: 1261 month: 0 day: 0 event: The earliest extant Chinese illustration of 'Pascal's Triangle' is from Yang Hui's book ''Xiangjie Jiuzhang Suanfa'', published in this year, although knowledge of Pascal's Triangle existed in China by at least 1100. |
title: Battle of Largs location: 55.79259 -4.86789 gregorian_date: 1263 AD year: 1263 month: 0 day: 0 event: October 2 – Battle of Largs: King Alexander III of Scotland defeats the Viking armada of King Haakon IV of Norway. |
title: Crete location: 35 25 gregorian_date: 1263 AD year: 1263 month: 0 day: 0 event: Genoa captures the city of Chania on Crete from the Venetians. |
title: Caucasus location: 42.25666564 44.119332856 gregorian_date: 1263 AD year: 1263 month: 0 day: 0 event: Hulagu Khan is defeated in an attempted invasion north of the Caucasus. |
title: Żnin location: 52.8499966 17.7333304 gregorian_date: 1263 AD year: 1263 month: 0 day: 0 event: Based on Magdeburg Law, Żnin (Poland) is given city rights. |
title: London location: 51.504331316 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1263 AD year: 1263 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Savoy Palace is constructed in London by Count Peter II of Savoy. |
title: Battle of Lewes location: 50.873829838 -0.0083333 gregorian_date: 1264 AD year: 1264 month: 0 day: 0 event: May 12 to May 14 – The Battle of Lewes of the Second Barons' War is fought between Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and King Henry III of England in Sussex. By the end of the battle, de Montfort's forces capture both King Henry and his son, future King Edward I, making de Montfort the uncrowned king of England for 15 months before Edward escapes captivity and recaptures the throne. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1264 AD year: 1264 month: 0 day: 0 event: June 18 – The Parliament of Ireland meets at Castledermot in County Kildare, the first definitively known meeting of this Irish legislature. |
title: University of Oxford location: 51.7611 -1.2534 gregorian_date: 1264 AD year: 1264 month: 0 day: 0 event: September 14 – Walter de Merton formally completes the foundation of the House of Scholars of Merton (later Merton College, Oxford) to provide education in Malden and the University of Oxford. |
title: Beijing location: 39.903829718 116.374498502 gregorian_date: 1264 AD year: 1264 month: 0 day: 0 event: Kublai Khan decides to move his capital from Shangdu in Inner Mongolia to the Chinese city of Dadu (now Beijing). |
title: Canterbury location: 51.27166558 1.085499658 gregorian_date: 1264 AD year: 1264 month: 4 day: 0 event: April – Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford leads a massacre of the Jews at Canterbury. |
title: Palace of Westminster location: 51.492914695 -0.1215161806 gregorian_date: 1265 AD year: 1265 month: 0 day: 0 event: January 20 – In Westminster, the first elected English parliament (De Montfort's Parliament) conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, now also known as the Houses of Parliament. |
title: Worcestershire location: 52.218499126 -2.220665784 gregorian_date: 1265 AD year: 1265 month: 0 day: 0 event: August 4 – The Battle of Evesham of the Second Barons' War is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort and killing de Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England. |
title: Isle of Man location: 54.1499994 -4.4833314 gregorian_date: 1265 AD year: 1265 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Isle of Man comes under Scottish rule. |
title: Sichuan location: 30.0 103.0 gregorian_date: 1265 AD year: 1265 month: 0 day: 0 event: In the first major battle in 5 years since the Song Dynasty Chinese pushed the forces of Kublai Khan back across the Yangzi River after Mongke Khan's failed invasion in 1259, Kublai Khan engages the Chinese in Sichuan province. Kublai gains a preliminary victory and war booty of 146 captured Song Dynasty naval ships. |
title: Czech Republic location: 49.749997 15.749997 gregorian_date: 1265 AD year: 1265 month: 0 day: 0 event: The brewing of Budweiser Budvar beer begins in Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic); Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day. |
title: Caesarea Maritima location: 32.499998 34.893163094 gregorian_date: 1265 AD year: 1265 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Mamluk Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima; these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusade in 1267. |
title: Cairo location: 30.054833114 31.223999104 gregorian_date: 1265 AD year: 1265 month: 0 day: 0 event: Fire destroys parts of Old Cairo. |
title: Anjou location: 47.4666648 -0.5499978 gregorian_date: 1266 AD year: 1266 month: 0 day: 0 event: February 26 – Battle of Benevento: The army of Charles, Count of Anjou, defeats a combined German and Sicilian force led by King Manfred of Sicily. Manfred is killed in the battle and Pope Clement IV invests Charles as king of Sicily and Naples. |
title: Isle of Man location: 54.1499994 -4.4833314 gregorian_date: 1266 AD year: 1266 month: 0 day: 0 event: The war between Scotland and Norway ends as King Alexander III of Scotland and King Magnus VI of Norway agree to the Treaty of Perth, which cedes the Western Isles and Isle of Man to Scotland in exchange for a large monetary payment. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1266 AD year: 1266 month: 0 day: 0 event: In France, the gold écu and silver grosh coins are minted for the first time. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1266 AD year: 1266 month: 0 day: 0 event: Niccolo and Maffeo Polo, father and uncle of Marco Polo, reach Kublai Khan's capital Khanbaliq (now Beijing) in China, setting the stage for Marco's famous expedition 5 years later. Kublai Khan sends the Polos back with a message requesting that the Pope dispatch western scholars to teach in the Mongol Empire; however, this request is largely ignored. |
title: Toron location: 33.1907609036 35.4073933704 gregorian_date: 1266 AD year: 1266 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Mamluk sultan Baibars expands his domain, capturing the city of Byblos (in present-day Lebanon) and the important castle of Toron from the crusader states, and defeating the Armenians at Cilicia. |
title: University of Oxford location: 51.7611 -1.2534 gregorian_date: 1267 AD year: 1267 month: 0 day: 0 event: Roger Bacon completes his work ''Opus Majus'' and sends it to Pope Clement IV, who had requested it be written; the work contains wide-ranging discussion of mathematics, optics, alchemy, astronomy, astrology, and other topics, and includes what some believe to be the first description of a magnifying glass. Bacon also completes ''Opus Minus'', a summary of ''Opus Majus'', later in the same year. The only source for his date of birth is his statement in the ''Opus Tertium'', written in 1267, that ''forty years have passed since I first learned the alphabet''. The 1214 birth date assumes he was not being literal, and meant 40 years had passed since he matriculated at Oxford at the age of 13. If he had been literal, his birth date was more likely to have been around 1220. |
title: Vienna location: 48.20499918 16.370498518 gregorian_date: 1267 AD year: 1267 month: 0 day: 0 event: The leadership of Vienna forces Jews to wear ''Pileum cornutum'',a cone-shaped head dress, in addition to the yellow badges Jews are already forced to wear. |
title: Beijing location: 39.903829718 116.374498502 gregorian_date: 1267 AD year: 1267 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Grand Capital is constructed in Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) by Kublai Khan, having moved the capital of the Mongol Empire there three years prior. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1268 AD year: 1268 month: 0 day: 0 event: In France, the use of hops as the exclusive flavoring agent used in the manufacture of beer is made compulsory. |
title: Antioch location: 36.1999992 36.1499994 gregorian_date: 1268 AD year: 1268 month: 0 day: 0 event: May 18 – The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in the Battle of Antioch; Baibars' destruction of the city of Antioch is so great as to permanently negate the city's importance. |
title: Hubei location: 30.9666628 112.2333324 gregorian_date: 1268 AD year: 1268 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Battle of Xiangyang, a 6-year battle between the Chinese Song Dynasty and the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan, begins in what is today Hubei. |
title: Blair Castle location: 56.77083025 -3.854663248 gregorian_date: 1269 AD year: 1269 month: 0 day: 0 event: The construction of Blair Castle in Scotland is begun by John Comyn. |
title: Al-Andalus location: 41.5166646 -2.8166634 gregorian_date: 1269 AD year: 1269 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Almohad dynasty of caliphs (not universally accepted), that once ruled most of North Africa and Al-Andalus (Moorish Spain), is extinguished when Idris II is murdered in the dynasty's last remaining possession, Marrakesh. |
title: Antioch location: 36.1999992 36.1499994 gregorian_date: 1269 AD year: 1269 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Eastern Orthodox Patriarchy of Antioch returns to Antioch after a 171-year exile, during which it had been replaced by the Latin Patriarch of Antioch. |
title: Korea location: 38.3166654 127.2333324 gregorian_date: 1270 AD year: 1270 month: 0 day: 0 event: In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion begins against the Goryeo Dynasty, a puppet government of the Mongol Empire. |
title: Iran location: 32 53 gregorian_date: 1270 AD year: 1270 month: 0 day: 0 event: The city of Tabriz, in present-day Iran, is made capital of the Mongol Ilkhanate Empire (approximate date). |
title: India location: 21 78 gregorian_date: 1270 AD year: 1270 month: 0 day: 0 event: The independent state of Kutch is founded in present-day India. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1270 AD year: 1270 month: 0 day: 0 event: The cathedral on the Rock of Cashel in Ireland is completed. |
title: University of Paris location: 48.84249663 2.339331976 gregorian_date: 1270 AD year: 1270 month: 12 day: 0 event: December – Crucial aspects of the philosophy of Averroism (itself based on Aristotle's works) are banned by the Roman Catholic church in a condemnation enacted by papal authority at the University of Paris. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1271 AD year: 1271 month: 0 day: 0 event: September 1 – Pope Gregory X succeeds Pope Clement IV as the 184th pope, as the compromise candidate between French and Italian cardinals, ending a 3-year conclave, the longest ever. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1271 AD year: 1271 month: 0 day: 0 event: The County of Toulouse is returned to the crown of France. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1271 AD year: 1271 month: 0 day: 0 event: Marco Polo departs from Venice with his father and uncle on his famous journey to Kublai Khan's China. |
title: Caerphilly Castle location: 51.5761 -3.2203 gregorian_date: 1271 AD year: 1271 month: 0 day: 0 event: The construction of Caerphilly Castle, the largest in Wales, is completed. |
title: Krak des Chevaliers location: 34.75416365 36.28999884 gregorian_date: 1271 AD year: 1271 month: 0 day: 0 event: April 8 – Mamluk sultan Baibars continues his territorial expansion, capturing the strategically important castle Krak des Chevaliers from the Knights Hospitaller in present-day Syria. |
title: Tripoli location: 32.901329728 13.184832594 gregorian_date: 1271 AD year: 1271 month: 0 day: 0 event: Mamluk sultan Baibars conducts an unsuccessful siege of the city of Tripoli, and also fails in an attempted naval invasion of Cyprus. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1271 AD year: 1271 month: 0 day: 0 event: December 18 – Kublai Khan renames his empire Yuan (元 yuán), officially marking the start of the Yuan Dynasty of China. |
title: Yuan Dynasty location: 39.8999964 116.3833318 gregorian_date: 1271 AD year: 1271 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Nakhi kingdom of the northern Himalayan foothills is annexed by the Yuan Dynasty. |
title: Albania location: 41 20 gregorian_date: 1272 AD year: 1272 month: 0 day: 0 event: Charles I of Anjou, King of Naples, occupies Durrës in Albania and establishes an Albanian kingdom. |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1272 AD year: 1272 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Alphonso III of Portugal eliminates the last Moorish community in Portugal at Faro. |
title: London location: 51.504331316 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1272 AD year: 1272 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Worshipful Company of Cordwainers receives the right to regulate the leather trade in London, England. |
title: Parliament of Croatia location: 45.809663428 15.971329448 gregorian_date: 1273 AD year: 1273 month: 0 day: 0 event: The ''Congregatio Regni tocius Sclavonie Generalis'' with its decisions ''(statuta et constitutiones)'', is the oldest surviving document written by the Croatian parliament. |
title: Haghpat location: 41.090332972 44.706163842 gregorian_date: 1273 AD year: 1273 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Holy Redeemer khachkar, believed to be one of the finest examples of the art form, is carved in Haghpat, Armenia, by Vahram. |
title: Beyoğlu location: 41.02583323 28.972329444 gregorian_date: 1273 AD year: 1273 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Constantinople suburb of Beyoğlu (then known as Pera) is given to the Republic of Genoa by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus, in return for Genoa's support of the Empire after the Fourth Crusade and the sacking of Constantinople. |
title: Yuan Dynasty location: 39.8999964 116.3833318 gregorian_date: 1273 AD year: 1273 month: 0 day: 0 event: January 31 – The 6-year-long battle of Xiangyang ends as the commander of the Song Dynasty's forces surrender to Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty. The battle is the first in which firearms are used in combat. |
title: Yuan Dynasty location: 39.8999964 116.3833318 gregorian_date: 1273 AD year: 1273 month: 0 day: 0 event: In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion against the Goryeo Dynasty (a puppet government of the Yuan Dynasty) ends as rebel forces are defeated by combined Yuan and Goryeo forces. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1274 AD year: 1274 month: 0 day: 0 event: Bonvesin de la Riva writes the didactic-allegoric poemet ''Libro de le tre scritture'' (Negra, Rubra, Aurea), the first text in ancient Western Lombard language (still similar to other Gallo-Italian languages), and one of the first great literary works in Italy. It tells about Hell, Christ's Passion and Paradise; this plot suggests Dante in his ''Comedia''. |
title: Korea location: 38.3166654 127.2333324 gregorian_date: 1274 AD year: 1274 month: 0 day: 0 event: November 20 – Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty attempts the first of several invasions of Japan (30,000 soldiers and support personnel sails from Korea); after the Mongols capture outlying islands, they are repulsed on the main island at the Battle of Bun'ei by amassed Japanese warriors and a strong storm which batters their forces and fleet. Credit for the storm — called a ''kamikaze'', or divine wind — is given by the Japanese to the god Raiden. |
title: Minobu Yamanashi location: 35.4666648 138.4499982 gregorian_date: 1274 AD year: 1274 month: 0 day: 0 event: Nichiren, founder of Nichiren Buddhism, enters a voluntary exile on Mount Minobu. |
title: Isle of Man location: 54.1499994 -4.4833314 gregorian_date: 1275 AD year: 1275 month: 0 day: 0 event: October 8 – Battle of Ronaldsway: Scottish forces defeat the Manx of the Isle of Man in a decisive battle, firmly establishing Scottish rule of the island.* Eleanor de Montfort is captured by pirates in the employ of Edward I of England to prevent her marriage to Llywelyn the Last, prince of Wales; she is used as a bargaining chip over the coming years in Edward's attempts to subjugate Llywelyn and Wales. |
title: Wallonia location: 50.499998 4.749997 gregorian_date: 1275 AD year: 1275 month: 0 day: 0 event: Around Ciney, in the future Wallonia, begins the fratricid war of the cow which will last until 1278. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1275 AD year: 1275 month: 0 day: 0 event: Jean de Meun completes the French allegorical work of fiction, ''Roman de la Rose'', with a second section; the first section was written by Guillaume de Lorris in 1230. |
title: Majorca location: 39.6166642 2.9833294 gregorian_date: 1275 AD year: 1275 month: 0 day: 0 event: Ramon Llull establishes a school in Majorca to teach Arabic to preachers in an attempt to aid proselytizing to Moors. He also discovers diethyl ether. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1275 AD year: 1275 month: 0 day: 0 event: March 4 – Chinese astronomers observe a total eclipse of the Sun in China. |
title: Yuan Dynasty location: 39.8999964 116.3833318 gregorian_date: 1275 AD year: 1275 month: 0 day: 0 event: The invading forces of the Yuan Dynasty capture the Song Dynasty city of Suzhou. |
title: Yuan Dynasty location: 39.8999964 116.3833318 gregorian_date: 1275 AD year: 1275 month: 0 day: 0 event: Marco Polo purportedly visits Xanadu, Kublai Khan's summer capital of the Yuan Dynasty. |
title: Yuan Dynasty location: 39.8999964 116.3833318 gregorian_date: 1275 AD year: 1275 month: 0 day: 0 event: The city of Kunming is made capital of the Yunnan province of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1275 AD year: 1275 month: 0 day: 0 event: Nestorian monk Rabban Bar Sauma begins his pilgrimage from China towards Jerusalem. |
title: Fujian location: 26.5499978 117.8499966 gregorian_date: 1275 AD year: 1275 month: 3 day: 0 event: March – The 200,000 multiethnic troops of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty, headed by the Turkish commander Bayan, face a Chinese Song Dynasty army of 130,000 led by the Song Chancellor Jia Sidao. The result is a decisive victory for the Yuan Dynasty, and soon after the much-vilified Jia Sidao is stripped of rank and title, and killed by one of his own guards as he is sent to exile in Fujian by the Song court. |
title: Fuzhou location: 26.072333044 119.303832118 gregorian_date: 1276 AD year: 1276 month: 0 day: 0 event: June 14 – Remnants of the Song Chinese court in Fuzhou province conduct the coronation ceremony for the Prince Zhao Shi to become Emperor Duanzong of Song. |
title: Vienna location: 48.20499918 16.370498518 gregorian_date: 1276 AD year: 1276 month: 0 day: 0 event: The foundation stone of the Minoritenkirche in Vienna is laid by King Otakar II of Bohemia. |
title: Yuan Dynasty location: 39.8999964 116.3833318 gregorian_date: 1276 AD year: 1276 month: 2 day: 0 event: February – The court of the Southern Song Dynasty of China and hundreds of thousands of its citizens flee from Hangzhou to Fujian and then Guangdong in an effort to escape an invasion by Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1277 AD year: 1277 month: 0 day: 0 event: Battle of Ngasaunggyan: Burma's Pagan Empire begins to disintegrate after being defeated by Kublai Khan at Yunnan near the Chinese border. |
title: Sung Wong Toi location: 22.3215570471 114.186922586 gregorian_date: 1277 AD year: 1277 month: 0 day: 0 event: Some 50,000 leaders and citizens of the Southern Song Dynasty of China become the first recorded inhabitants of Macau, as they seek refuge from the invading armies of the Yuan Dynasty. They also stay for a short period in Kowloon. Some hundred years later the place where they stayed becomes Sung Wong Toi. |
title: Yuan Dynasty location: 39.8999964 116.3833318 gregorian_date: 1277 AD year: 1277 month: 0 day: 0 event: In Japan, a 20 kilometer stone wall defending the coast of Hakata Bay in Fukuoka is completed; it is built in response to the attempted invasion by the Yuan Dynasty in 1274. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1278 AD year: 1278 month: 0 day: 0 event: May 8 – Emperor Duanzong of Song China dies of illness and is succeeded by his brother Zhao Bing, who becomes Emperor Huaizong of Song. Meanwhile, armed forces under the control of Mongol leader Kublai Khan draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court. A year later at the Battle of Yamen the Song Dynasty will cease to exist, becoming incorporated into the Yuan Dynasty of China. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1278 AD year: 1278 month: 0 day: 0 event: The independence, boundaries, and political structure of Andorra are agreed to by the Spanish Bishop of Urgell and the French Count of Foix. |
title: Wallonia location: 50.499998 4.749997 gregorian_date: 1278 AD year: 1278 month: 0 day: 0 event: End of the so-called War of the Cow in what will become Wallonia (it had begun in 1275). |
title: Iran location: 32 53 gregorian_date: 1278 AD year: 1278 month: 0 day: 0 event: The earliest known written copy of the ''Avesta'', a collection of ancient sacred Persian Zoroastrian texts previously passed down orally, is produced. |
title: Tower of London location: 51.504831314 -0.072333044 gregorian_date: 1279 AD year: 1279 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Royal Mint of England moves into the Tower of London. |
title: Estonia location: 59 26 gregorian_date: 1279 AD year: 1279 month: 0 day: 0 event: The town of Haapsalu, Estonia is founded. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1279 AD year: 1279 month: 0 day: 0 event: March 19 – Battle of Yamen: Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty defeats and ends the Song Dynasty, and becomes the emperor of all China. |
title: Yuan Dynasty location: 39.8999964 116.3833318 gregorian_date: 1279 AD year: 1279 month: 0 day: 0 event: A Yuan diplomatic party sent by Kublai Khan to Japan is killed by Japan's regent Hōjō Tokimune, leading to a second invasion attempt by the Mongols in 1281. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1281 AD year: 1281 month: 0 day: 0 event: Pope Martin IV authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established Byzantine Empire in Constantinople; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year. |
title: Anatolia location: 39 32 gregorian_date: 1281 AD year: 1281 month: 0 day: 0 event: Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, becomes ''bey'' of the Sögüt tribe in central Anatolia; in 1299 he will declare independence from the Seljuk Turks, marking the birth of the Ottoman Empire. |
title: Korea location: 38.3166654 127.2333324 gregorian_date: 1281 AD year: 1281 month: 0 day: 0 event: August 12 – Battle of Kōan (Hakata Bay): The second Mongol invasion of Japan is foiled, as a large typhoon — famously called a ''kamikaze'', or divine wind — destroys much of the combined Chinese and Korean fleet and forces, numbering over 140,000 men and 4,000 ships. |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1282 AD year: 1282 month: 0 day: 0 event: March 30 – The Sicilian rebellion known as the Sicilian Vespers begins against the rule of Angevin King Charles I of Sicily; over the next 6 weeks, thousands of French are killed. The rebellion forces Charles to abandon the Ninth Crusade while still en route to the target city of Constantinople, and allows King Peter III of Aragon to take over rule of the island from Charles (which in turn leads to Peter's excommunication by Pope Martin IV). |
title: Forlì location: 44.28999884 12.0166666 gregorian_date: 1282 AD year: 1282 month: 0 day: 0 event: May 15 – Battle of Forlì between Guelphs and Ghibellines: the French army under Pope Martin IV is defeated by Guido I da Montefeltro. |
title: Battle of Orewin Bridge location: 52.1519 -3.4617 gregorian_date: 1282 AD year: 1282 month: 0 day: 0 event: December 11 – At the Battle of Orewin Bridge in mid-Wales, Llywelyn the Last is killed and the Welsh suffer their final decisive defeat at the hands of the English. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1282 AD year: 1282 month: 0 day: 0 event: The technology of watermarks is introduced by paper manufacturers of Bologna, Italy. |
title: University of Oxford location: 51.7611 -1.2534 gregorian_date: 1282 AD year: 1282 month: 0 day: 0 event: Hertford College is founded at the University of Oxford. |
title: London location: 51.504331316 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1282 AD year: 1282 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Archbishop of Canterbury orders all synagogues of London to close, and forbids Jewish doctors from practicing on non-Jews. |
title: Larderello location: 43.25 10.87 gregorian_date: 1282 AD year: 1282 month: 0 day: 0 event: The most recent eruption of Larderello, a volcano in southern Tuscany, is observed. |
title: Malta location: 35.8833298 14.499998 gregorian_date: 1283 AD year: 1283 month: 0 day: 0 event: July 8 – At the naval Battle of Malta at Valletta, an Angevin fleet sent to help put down a rebellion on Malta is defeated by the fleet of Roger of Lauria. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1283 AD year: 1283 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Philip III of France causes a mass migration of Jews when he outlaws their residence in the small villages and rural localities of France. |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1283 AD year: 1283 month: 0 day: 0 event: The E. codex of the ''Cantigas de Santa Maria'', a collection of Portuguese musical manuscripts, is dated to between 1280 and 1283. |
title: Gniezno location: 52.5499978 17.5999976 gregorian_date: 1283 AD year: 1283 month: 0 day: 0 event: Jakub Swinka becomes archbishop of Gniezno. |
title: Yuan Dynasty location: 39.8999964 116.3833318 gregorian_date: 1283 AD year: 1283 month: 0 day: 0 event: Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty invades the Khmer Empire of present-day Cambodia; King Jayavarman VIII decides to pay tribute rather than fight the invasion, buying peace and preserving the empire. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1283 AD year: 1283 month: 0 day: 0 event: The city of Guiyang is founded in China. |
title: Vardzia location: 41.371831846 43.254498982 gregorian_date: 1283 AD year: 1283 month: 0 day: 0 event: An earthquake destroys two thirds of the cave city of Vardzia, Georgia. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1284 AD year: 1284 month: 0 day: 0 event: Battle of Meloria: The Italian city-state of Genoa defeats its rival Pisa, ending Pisa's marine power and hastening the city's decline in power. |
title: Syrmia location: 45.17 19.288 gregorian_date: 1284 AD year: 1284 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Stefan Dragutin of Serbia receives Belgrade, Syrmia, and other territories from Hungary, when his son marries the king of Hungary's cousin. |
title: Peterhouse Cambridge location: 52.2009 0.1184 gregorian_date: 1284 AD year: 1284 month: 0 day: 0 event: Peterhouse, the oldest college at the University of Cambridge, is founded by Hugo de Balsham. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1284 AD year: 1284 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction on the Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais is interrupted by a partial collapse of the choir; the event unnerves French masons working in the Gothic style. |
title: Margat location: 35.150666064 35.942829562 gregorian_date: 1285 AD year: 1285 month: 0 day: 0 event: April 25 – Mamluk sultan Qalawun begins a siege of the Crusader fortress of Margat (in present-day Syria), a major stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller thought to be impregnable; he captures the fortress a month later. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1286 AD year: 1286 month: 0 day: 0 event: In the Lao kingdom of Muang Sua, King Panya Leng is overthrown in a coup d'etat led by his son Panya Khamphong, which is likely to have been supported by the regionally dominant Mongol Yuan dynasty of China. |
title: Sambia location: 54.826330028 20.268165594 gregorian_date: 1286 AD year: 1286 month: 0 day: 0 event: Prussians resettled in Sambia stage a famous uprising. |
title: Minorca location: 39.9666628 4.083333 gregorian_date: 1287 AD year: 1287 month: 0 day: 0 event: January 17 – The Treaty of San Agayz is signed. King Alfonso III of Aragon conquers the island of Minorca from the Moors. |
title: Hastings location: 50.86 0.572 gregorian_date: 1287 AD year: 1287 month: 0 day: 0 event: December 14 – A huge storm and associated storm tide in the North Sea and English Channel, known as St. Lucia's flood in the Netherlands, kills thousands and reshapes the coastal life of the Netherlands and England forever. In the Netherlands, a fringing barrier between the North Sea and a shallow lake in Holland collapses, causing the fifth largest flood in recorded history which creates the Zuider Zee inlet and kills over 50,000 people; it also gives sea access to Amsterdam, allowing its development as an important port city. In England, the city of Winchelsea on Romney Marsh is destroyed; nearby Broomhill also destroyed; course of the nearby river Rother diverted to Rye; cliff collapses at Hastings, blocking the harbour; parts of Norfolk are flooded; the port of Dunwich in Suffolk begins its decline. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1287 AD year: 1287 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Altar of St. James at the Cathedral of San Zeno in Pistoia, Italy — a masterwork of the silversmithing trade containing nearly a ton of silver — is begun; it will not be completed for nearly 200 years. |
title: Uppsala Cathedral location: 59.854829914 17.626330828 gregorian_date: 1287 AD year: 1287 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction on the Cathedral of Uppsala is begun; it will not be completed until 1435. |
title: Kraków location: 50.056833106 19.935662924 gregorian_date: 1287 AD year: 1287 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Mongol Golden Horde, led by khan Talabuga and Nogai Khan, attacks Poland for the third time. Lublin, Mazovia, Sandomierz and Sieradz are ravaged by the invaders, who are defeated in Kraków. |
title: Latakia location: 35.5166646 35.7833302 gregorian_date: 1287 AD year: 1287 month: 0 day: 0 event: Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the port city of Latakia in present-day Syria. |
title: Yuan Dynasty location: 39.8999964 116.3833318 gregorian_date: 1287 AD year: 1287 month: 0 day: 0 event: Battle of Pagan: The Theravada Buddhist kingdom at Pagan, Myanmar falls to the invading armies of the Yuan Dynasty. |
title: Newcastle Emlyn Castle location: 52.03666652 -4.457998168 gregorian_date: 1288 AD year: 1288 month: 0 day: 0 event: January 20 – Newcastle Emlyn Castle in Wales is recaptured by English forces, bringing Rhys ap Maredudd's revolt to an end. |
title: Battle of Worringen location: 51.038833178 6.885996456 gregorian_date: 1288 AD year: 1288 month: 0 day: 0 event: June 5 – Battle of Worringen: John I of Brabant defeats the duchy of Guelders in one of the largest battles in Europe of the Middle Ages, thus winning possession of the duchy of Limburg. The battle also liberates the city of Cologne from rule by the Archbishopric of Cologne; it had previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. |
title: Parliament of Scotland location: 55.942829562 -3.187665916 gregorian_date: 1288 AD year: 1288 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Scots Parliament creates a law allowing women to propose marriage to men during leap years; men who refuse such proposals are required to pay a fine to the spurned bride-to-be. |
title: St. Peter's Basilica location: 41.901329728 12.451998192 gregorian_date: 1288 AD year: 1288 month: 0 day: 0 event: The oldest surviving bell in the clocks atop the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome is built. |
title: Yuan Dynasty location: 39.8999964 116.3833318 gregorian_date: 1288 AD year: 1288 month: 0 day: 0 event: Vietnamese general Tran Hung Dao sinks the entire fleet of an invading army of the Yuan Dynasty, by placing steel-tipped bamboo stakes in the Bach Dang River, near Halong Bay. |
title: Acheng District location: 45.5333312 126.9833294 gregorian_date: 1288 AD year: 1288 month: 0 day: 0 event: The oldest known bronze handgun in the world is dated to this year, a Chinese gun found in Acheng District that was once used to suppress the rebellion of the Christian Mongol Prince Nayan in 1287–1288. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1289 AD year: 1289 month: 0 day: 0 event: Pope Nicholas IV formally constitutes the University of Montpellier in France by papal bull, combining various existing schools under the mantle of a single university. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1289 AD year: 1289 month: 0 day: 0 event: Jews are expelled from Gascony and Anjou in France. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1289 AD year: 1289 month: 0 day: 0 event: Franciscan friars begin missionary work in China. |
title: Battle of Campaldino location: 43.7358970564 11.7515686604 gregorian_date: 1289 AD year: 1289 month: 6 day: 11 event: June 11 – The Italian Guelph and Ghibelline factions fight in the Battle of Campaldino; the Guelph victory secures their position of power in Florence. |
title: Llandaff Cathedral location: 51.49083137 -3.21749913 gregorian_date: 1290 AD year: 1290 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction of Llandaff Cathedral is completed in Cardiff, Wales, 170 years after it was begun. |
title: Bessarabia location: 46.83333 29.0 gregorian_date: 1290 AD year: 1290 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Mongol Golden Horde invades the Bessarabia region of Moldavia. |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1290 AD year: 1290 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Denis of Portugal decrees that Portuguese be the official language of Portugal, replacing classical Latin in that capacity. |
title: Akershus Fortress location: 59.9039597175 10.7350370598 gregorian_date: 1290 AD year: 1290 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction on the Akershus Fortress of Oslo, Norway is begun. |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1290 AD year: 1290 month: 3 day: 1 event: March 1 – The University of Coimbra is founded in Lisbon, Portugal by King Denis of Portugal; it moves to Coimbra in 1308. |
title: Wallachia location: 44.416665 26.0999996 gregorian_date: 1290 AD year: 1290 month: 8 day: 1 event: August 1 – The country of Wallachia is founded (traditional date). |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1290 AD year: 1290 month: 9 day: 27 event: September 27 – An earthquake in the Gulf of Chili, province of Hebei, China, kills an estimated 100,000. |
title: London location: 51.504331316 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1290 AD year: 1290 month: 12 day: 0 event: December – The twelve Eleanor crosses are erected between Lincolnshire and London in England as King Edward I mourns the death of his queen consort Eleanor of Castile. |
title: India location: 21 78 gregorian_date: 1291 AD year: 1291 month: 0 day: 0 event: Spring: Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi set sail from Genoa with the goal of reaching India; they never return. |
title: Switzerland location: 46.83333 8.333332 gregorian_date: 1291 AD year: 1291 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Habsburgs acquire the Swiss city of Lucerne. |
title: San Marino location: 43.9333296 12.4666648 gregorian_date: 1291 AD year: 1291 month: 0 day: 0 event: Pope Nicholas IV confirms the independence of San Marino via papal bull. |
title: Murano location: 45.45499818 12.351998592 gregorian_date: 1291 AD year: 1291 month: 0 day: 0 event: All glassmakers in Venice are forced to move to the island of Murano in order to contain the risk of fire, thus establishing the glass industry there. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1291 AD year: 1291 month: 0 day: 0 event: The artificial Kunming Lake is constructed as a reservoir for Beijing in Yuan Dynasty China by famous engineer and astronomer Guo Shoujing. |
title: Unterwalden location: 46.87 8.31 gregorian_date: 1291 AD year: 1291 month: 8 day: 0 event: August – According to tradition, the Swiss Confederation is formed by Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden, the three forest cantons when they enact the Federal Charter of 1291. |
title: Daulatabad location: 19.942724 75.213164 gregorian_date: 1292 AD year: 1292 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Vaghela dynasty in Gujarat is subjugated by the Deccan Yadava dynasty of Daulatabad. |
title: Kastamonu Province location: 41.51833126 33.687163918 gregorian_date: 1292 AD year: 1292 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Turkish emirate of Candaroglu is founded in the Kastamonu Province. |
title: Java location: -7.50166466 111.257832302 gregorian_date: 1292 AD year: 1292 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Mongols land on Java, taking the capital, but it proves impossible to hold. |
title: Isle of Wight location: 50.675163966 -1.275165566 gregorian_date: 1293 AD year: 1293 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Isle of Wight was sold to King Edward I by Countess Isabella De Fortibus for six thousand marks. |
title: Complutense University of Madrid location: 40.442831562 -3.723497106 gregorian_date: 1293 AD year: 1293 month: 5 day: 20 event: May 20 – King Sancho IV of Castile creates the ''Studium General'', forerunner to the modern Complutense University of Madrid. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1294 AD year: 1294 month: 0 day: 0 event: The death of Kublai Khan allows the 4 khanates of the Mongol Empire (the Chagatai Khanate, the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, and the Yuan Dynasty of China) to formally become independent; they each had already been moving toward independence during Kublai's reign. |
title: Strata Florida Abbey location: 52.275104 -3.839376 gregorian_date: 1294 AD year: 1294 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Strata Florida Abbey is rebuilt; it had been destroyed some years earlier in King Edward I of England's conquest of Wales. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1295 AD year: 1295 month: 0 day: 0 event: Marco Polo returns to Italy from his travels to China. |
title: Beaumaris Castle location: 53.2648 -4.0897 gregorian_date: 1295 AD year: 1295 month: 0 day: 0 event: Work begins on construction of Beaumaris Castle on Anglesey, last of the ring of castles built by Edward I of England to subdue Wales. |
title: Kingdom of England location: 51.105332912 1.52083125 gregorian_date: 1295 AD year: 1295 month: 0 day: 0 event: 23 October – The first treaty forming the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France against England is signed in Paris. |
title: Angkor location: 13.4333316 103.83333 gregorian_date: 1296 AD year: 1296 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Chinese diplomat Zhou Daguan spends a year at the court of the Khmer King Indravarman III at Angkor and pens a journal setting forth his observations. |
title: Battle of Dunbar (1296) location: 55.97692 -2.52119 gregorian_date: 1296 AD year: 1296 month: 4 day: 27 event: April 27 – Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated by Edward I of England. |
title: Monaco location: 43.726330428 7.418498326 gregorian_date: 1297 AD year: 1297 month: 1 day: 8 event: January 8 – Monaco gains independence. |
title: Flanders location: 50.8999964 4.5333312 gregorian_date: 1297 AD year: 1297 month: 8 day: 28 event: August 28 – Edward I of England unsuccessfully invades Flanders. |
title: Battle of Stirling Bridge location: 56.122832842 -3.93416293 gregorian_date: 1297 AD year: 1297 month: 9 day: 11 event: September 11 – Battle of Stirling Bridge: The Scottish armies of Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeat the English. |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1297 AD year: 1297 month: 9 day: 12 event: September 12 – King Denis of Portugal and King Ferdinand IV of Castile sign the Treaty of Alcanizes. The geographic limits of Portugal are fixed permanently, with the exception of São Félix de Galegos, lost in 1640 and Olivenza, lost in 1801. |
title: Battle of Falkirk (1298) location: 56.001 -3.784 gregorian_date: 1298 AD year: 1298 month: 7 day: 22 event: July 22 – Battle of Falkirk: King Edward I of England defeats a Scottish army led by William Wallace. |
title: Marco Polo location: 45.2613 12.2043 gregorian_date: 1298 AD year: 1298 month: 9 day: 9 event: September 9 – Battle of Curzola: the Genoese fleet defeats the Venetians. Marco Polo is one of the prisoners taken, and while in prison in Genoa, he begins dictating his ''Travels'' to a local writer. |
title: Chapultepec location: 19.407831702 -99.191999232 gregorian_date: 1299 AD year: 1299 month: 0 day: 0 event: Year eight reed the Aztec settled in Chapultepec. |
title: Stirling Castle location: 56.12313 -3.94666 gregorian_date: 1299 AD year: 1299 month: 0 day: 0 event: April – Scots take Stirling Castle from the English after a siege. |
title: Holland location: 52.25 4.667 gregorian_date: 1299 AD year: 1299 month: 0 day: 0 event: The House of Holland becomes extinct. The County of Holland becomes part of a personal union with the County of Hainaut. |
title: Delhi location: 28.61 77.23 gregorian_date: 1299 AD year: 1299 month: 0 day: 0 event: A Mongol khan launches a campaign into India with 200,000 men, but the sultan of Delhi defeats them. |
title: Kingston upon Hull location: 53.73833038 -0.333332 gregorian_date: 1299 AD year: 1299 month: 4 day: 1 event: April 1 – Kings Towne on the River Hull(Kingston upon Hull) is granted city status by Royal Charter of King Edward I of England. |
title: Italy location: 41.8999964 12.4833314 gregorian_date: 1300 AD year: 1300 month: 0 day: 0 event: Money from Florence, Italy becomes the first international currency. |
title: Flanders location: 50.8999964 4.5333312 gregorian_date: 1300 AD year: 1300 month: 0 day: 0 event: Philip IV of France begins his attempt to annex Flanders. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1300 AD year: 1300 month: 0 day: 0 event: A census in Imperial China finds that it has roughly 60 million inhabitants (having lost 20 million after nearly a century of Mongolian conquests). |
title: Agadez location: 16.9666628 7.9833294 gregorian_date: 1300 AD year: 1300 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Tuareg establish a state centered on Agadez. |
title: Kent location: 51.19 0.73 gregorian_date: 1300 AD year: 1300 month: 3 day: 10 event: March 10 – Wardrobe accounts of King Edward I of England (aka Edward Longshanks) include a reference to a game called ''creag'' being played at the town of Newenden in Kent. It is generally agreed that ''creag'' was an early form of cricket (see also History of cricket to 1696). |
title: Crown of Castile location: 40.3833318 -3.7166638 gregorian_date: 1302 AD year: 1302 month: 0 day: 0 event: Castile occupies the harbor of Algiers. |
title: Beijing location: 39.903829718 116.374498502 gregorian_date: 1302 AD year: 1302 month: 0 day: 0 event: Confucian Temple erected in Beijing. |
title: Estonia location: 59 26 gregorian_date: 1302 AD year: 1302 month: 6 day: 12 event: June 12 – Rakvere, Estonia, receives Lübeck city rights. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1302 AD year: 1302 month: 7 day: 11 event: July 11 – Battle of the Golden Spurs (''Guldensporenslag'' in Dutch): Flanders gains a major victory over the French. |
title: Battle of Roslin location: 55.855 -3.164 gregorian_date: 1303 AD year: 1303 month: 0 day: 0 event: 24 February – Battle of Roslin: The Scots defeat the English. |
title: 1303 Crete earthquake location: 35.0 27.0 gregorian_date: 1303 AD year: 1303 month: 0 day: 0 event: 8 August – An earthquake destroys the Lighthouse of Alexandria in Egypt, one of the seven wonders of the world. |
title: India location: 21 78 gregorian_date: 1303 AD year: 1303 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Khilji Dynasty under Alauddin Khilji conquers Chittorgarh in northern India, after taking the massive Chittorgarh Fort. |
title: Zeeland location: 51.5666644 3.749997 gregorian_date: 1304 AD year: 1304 month: 0 day: 0 event: Holland and Zeeland are occupied by John II, Duke of Brabant and Guy of Dampierre. John II, Count of Hainaut recovers the counties. |
title: London location: 51.504331316 -0.123166174 gregorian_date: 1306 AD year: 1306 month: 0 day: 0 event: In London, a city ordinance decrees that heating with coal is forbidden when parliament is in session (the ordinance is not particularly effective). |
title: India location: 21 78 gregorian_date: 1306 AD year: 1306 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Mongols raid India. |
title: Battle of Methven location: 56.42014 -3.58201 gregorian_date: 1306 AD year: 1306 month: 6 day: 19 event: June 19 – Battle of Methven: The forces of the Earl of Pembroke defeat Bruce's Scottish rebels. |
title: Rhodes location: 36.166666 28.0 gregorian_date: 1307 AD year: 1307 month: 0 day: 0 event: July – The Knights Hospitaller begin their conquest of Rhodes. |
title: India location: 21 78 gregorian_date: 1307 AD year: 1307 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Mongol raid of India ends. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1307 AD year: 1307 month: 0 day: 0 event: The use of The Scottish Maiden is first documented in Ireland. |
title: Rhodes location: 36.166666 28.0 gregorian_date: 1307 AD year: 1307 month: 9 day: 5 event: September 5 – Pope Clement V confirms the Knights Hospitaller possession of Rhodes, although only Feracle had fallen to their attacks. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1307 AD year: 1307 month: 10 day: 13 event: October 13 – ''Friday the 13th'': All Knights Templar in France are simultaneously arrested by agents of Phillip the Fair, to be later tortured into confessing heresy. |
title: Portugal location: 38.6999972 -9.1833326 gregorian_date: 1308 AD year: 1308 month: 3 day: 8 event: March 8 – Póvoa de Varzim (then Varazim), Portugal gains a foral from Denis of Portugal. |
title: Avignon location: 43.9499962 4.83333 gregorian_date: 1309 AD year: 1309 month: 3 day: 9 event: March 9 – Pope Clement V settles the papal seat in Avignon, following a visit. |
title: Rhodes location: 36.166666 28.0 gregorian_date: 1309 AD year: 1309 month: 8 day: 15 event: August 15 – The city of Rhodes surrenders to the forces of the Knights of St. John, completing their conquest of Rhodes. The knights establish their headquarters on the island, and rename themselves as the Knights of Rhodes. |
title: Hama location: 35.1333328 36.749997 gregorian_date: 1310 AD year: 1310 month: 0 day: 0 event: Abu al-Fida becomes governor of Hama. |
title: Wallachia location: 44.416665 26.0999996 gregorian_date: 1310 AD year: 1310 month: 0 day: 0 event: Basarab I, after the battle against the Tatars, is named big prince of Wallachia by the feudal lords of the region. The country remains under Hungarian domination until the Battle of Posada on 12 October, 1330. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1310 AD year: 1310 month: 5 day: 11 event: May 11 – In France, 54 members of the Knights Templar are burned at the stake for heresy. |
title: Bolingbroke Castle location: 53.16414 0.01638 gregorian_date: 1311 AD year: 1311 month: 0 day: 0 event: Bolingbroke Castle passes to the House of Lancaster. |
title: Battle of Halmyros location: 39.1587 22.8401 gregorian_date: 1311 AD year: 1311 month: 3 day: 15 event: March 15 – Battle of Halmyros: The Catalan Company defeats Walter V of Brienne to take control of the Duchy of Athens. |
title: Lateran Palace location: 25.7179071284 32.6544373822 gregorian_date: 1312 AD year: 1312 month: 0 day: 0 event: 29 June – Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned in the Lateran Palace due to St Peter's Basilica being occupied by Romans hostile to him. |
title: Canary Islands location: 28.0999996 -15.3999984 gregorian_date: 1312 AD year: 1312 month: 0 day: 0 event: Lancelotto Malocello, a Genoese navigator, sails to the island of Lanzarote, one of the Canary Islands, and remains there for almost two decades. |
title: Banjska monastery location: 42.969496122 20.776163562 gregorian_date: 1313 AD year: 1313 month: 0 day: 0 event: Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia founds the Banjska monastery. |
title: Battle of Bannockburn location: 56.092 -3.915 gregorian_date: 1314 AD year: 1314 month: 6 day: 24 event: June 24 – Battle of Bannockburn: Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce defeat Edward II of England, regaining Scotland's independence. |
title: Akershus location: 60.0 11.0 gregorian_date: 1314 AD year: 1314 month: 8 day: 31 event: August 31 – King Håkon V Magnusson moves the capital of Norway from Bergen to Oslo, where he builds Akershus Fortress. Norway is ruled from this fortress the next 500 years. |
title: Flushing Netherlands location: 51.4499982 3.583331 gregorian_date: 1315 AD year: 1315 month: 0 day: 0 event: Flushing is granted city rights. |
title: Rügen location: 54.416665 13.3999984 gregorian_date: 1315 AD year: 1315 month: 0 day: 0 event: Witzlaw III, prince of Rügen, builds a castle at Barth. |
title: Greece location: 39 22 gregorian_date: 1315 AD year: 1315 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Kos Fortress is erected in Greece. |
title: Dongola location: 19.1685609924 30.4716014469 gregorian_date: 1315 AD year: 1315 month: 0 day: 0 event: A Muslim prince of Nubian royal blood ascends the throne of Dongola as king (History of Sudan (Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah)). |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1315 AD year: 1315 month: 0 day: 0 event: Estimation: Cairo, capital of Mamluk Egypt becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou in Mongolian China. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1315 AD year: 1315 month: 8 day: 0 event: August – Louis X is crowned King of France at Reims. |
title: Au peninsula location: 47.242832362 8.640997436 gregorian_date: 1316 AD year: 1316 month: 0 day: 0 event: Au peninsula in Switzerland is first mentioned as Owe belonging to the commandry of the Knights Hospitaller in Bubikon. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1316 AD year: 1316 month: 8 day: 10 event: August 10 – Second Battle of Athenry ends with over 5,000 dead, and Norman rule retained in Ireland. |
title: Cairo location: 30.054833114 31.223999104 gregorian_date: 1318 AD year: 1318 month: 0 day: 0 event: Qala'un Mosque, Cairo, Egypt is founded by Al-Nasr Muhammad. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1318 AD year: 1318 month: 5 day: 11 event: May 11 – Battle of Dysert O'Dea: The Irish armies of Conor O'Dea defeat the Normans under Richard de Clare. |
title: Venetian Arsenal location: 45.434498262 12.351831926 gregorian_date: 1320 AD year: 1320 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Venetian Arsenal is rebuilt as the Arsenal Nuovo. |
title: Battle of Boroughbridge location: 54.091999632 -1.404498382 gregorian_date: 1322 AD year: 1322 month: 3 day: 16 event: March 16 – Battle of Boroughbridge: Edward II of England defeats several rebellious barons. |
title: Vilnius location: 54.6833306 25.2833322 gregorian_date: 1323 AD year: 1323 month: 0 day: 0 event: Lithuania: In the ''Letters of Gediminas'', Vilnius is named as the capital city. |
title: Cairo location: 30.054833114 31.223999104 gregorian_date: 1324 AD year: 1324 month: 0 day: 0 event: Emperor Kankan Musa I of the Mali Empire arrives in Cairo on his hajj to Mecca, accompanied by an entourage numbering in the thousands and hundreds of pounds of gold. This fantastic display of wealth garners Mali a place on European maps in 1395. |
title: Ibn Battuta location: 22.325165366 36.48749805 gregorian_date: 1325 AD year: 1325 month: 0 day: 0 event: Ibn Battuta begins his travels. |
title: Tenochtitlan location: 19.80782 -96.91595 gregorian_date: 1325 AD year: 1325 month: 3 day: 18 event: March 18 – Recognized date for the founding of Tenochtitlan on a small island in Lake Texcoco by the Mexica empire at the dawn of the day. The Aztec capital becomes Mexico City in 1521. |
title: Finnmark location: 70 25 gregorian_date: 1326 AD year: 1326 month: 0 day: 0 event: 3 June – The Treaty of Novgorod delineates the border between Russia and Norway in Finnmark. |
title: Clare College Cambridge location: 52.2030491878 0.1091162302 gregorian_date: 1326 AD year: 1326 month: 0 day: 0 event: Formation of the University of Cambridge's second oldest (still surviving) college, Clare College, Cambridge. |
title: Ibn Battuta location: 22.325165366 36.48749805 gregorian_date: 1326 AD year: 1326 month: 10 day: 0 event: October – Ibn Battuta reaches Mecca. |
title: Avignon location: 43.9499962 4.83333 gregorian_date: 1328 AD year: 1328 month: 5 day: 26 event: May 26 – William of Ockham secretly leaves Avignon under threat from Pope John XXII. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1328 AD year: 1328 month: 8 day: 23 event: August 23 – Battle of Cassel: French troops stop an uprising of Flemish farmers. |
title: Frombork location: 54.357 19.681 gregorian_date: 1329 AD year: 1329 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction begins on the cathedral of Frombork, Poland. |
title: Aquitaine location: 44.583331 0.0 gregorian_date: 1329 AD year: 1329 month: 0 day: 0 event: Edward III of England pays homage to Philip VI of France for Aquitaine. |
title: Vilnius location: 54.6833306 25.2833322 gregorian_date: 1330 AD year: 1330 month: 0 day: 0 event: Vilnius, Lithuania receives its coat-of-arms, granted to the city in the seventh year of its existence. |
title: Ibn Battuta location: 22.325165366 36.48749805 gregorian_date: 1331 AD year: 1331 month: 0 day: 0 event: Ibn Battuta visits Kilwa. |
title: Târgu Mureş location: 46.5531 24.5984 gregorian_date: 1332 AD year: 1332 month: 0 day: 0 event: The city of Târgu Mureş (Romania) is first documented in the papal registry under the name Novum Forum Siculorum. |
title: Battle of Dupplin Moor location: 56.422 -3.4 gregorian_date: 1332 AD year: 1332 month: 8 day: 10 event: August 10–11 – Battle of Dupplin Moor: The Balliol rebels and the English defeat the loyalists of David II in Scotland. |
title: Unterwalden location: 46.87 8.31 gregorian_date: 1332 AD year: 1332 month: 11 day: 7 event: November 7 – Lucerne joins the Swiss Confederation with Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. |
title: Battle of Annan location: 54.99 -3.242 gregorian_date: 1332 AD year: 1332 month: 12 day: 16 event: December 16 – Battle of Annan: The loyalists of David II defeat Edward Balliol in Scotland. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1333 AD year: 1333 month: 0 day: 0 event: 1333–1337 – A famine in China kills six million. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1333 AD year: 1333 month: 6 day: 6 event: June 6 – William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster is murdered and the Burke Civil War begins in Ireland. |
title: Battle of Halidon Hill location: 55.78579 -2.05178 gregorian_date: 1333 AD year: 1333 month: 7 day: 19 event: July 19 – Battle of Halidon Hill: Edward III defeats Sir Archibald Douglas, during the last of the Wars of Scottish Independence. |
title: Hubei location: 30.9666628 112.2333324 gregorian_date: 1334 AD year: 1334 month: 0 day: 0 event: The first recorded outbreak of the Black Death occurs in the Chinese province of Hubei. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1334 AD year: 1334 month: 0 day: 0 event: 1333–1337 – A famine in China kills six million. |
title: Florence Cathedral location: 43.773232 11.255992 gregorian_date: 1334 AD year: 1334 month: 7 day: 18 event: July 18 – The bishop of Florence blesses the first foundational stone laid for the new ''campanile'' (bell tower) of the Florence Cathedral. The tower was designed by the artist Giotto di Bondone. |
title: Battle of Culblean location: 57.0899 -2.9341 gregorian_date: 1335 AD year: 1335 month: 0 day: 0 event: 30 November – Battle of Culblean: David Bruce defeats Edward Balliol in Scotland. |
title: Joseon Dynasty location: 37.5333312 126.9833294 gregorian_date: 1335 AD year: 1335 month: 0 day: 0 event: 11 October – Yi Seong-gye, founder of the Joseon Dynasty, is born in Korea. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1335 AD year: 1335 month: 0 day: 0 event: 1333–1337 – A famine in China kills six million. |
title: Avignon location: 43.9499962 4.83333 gregorian_date: 1335 AD year: 1335 month: 0 day: 0 event: Construction begins on the papal palace in Avignon. |
title: India location: 21 78 gregorian_date: 1336 AD year: 1336 month: 0 day: 0 event: Vijayanagara is founded on the southern part of the Deccan plateau in India, by the brothers Harihara and Bukka Raya. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1336 AD year: 1336 month: 0 day: 0 event: 1333–1337 – A famine in China kills six million. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1337 AD year: 1337 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Hundred Years' War (c. 1337–1453) begins between France and England. |
title: Aquitaine location: 44.583331 0.0 gregorian_date: 1337 AD year: 1337 month: 0 day: 0 event: Philip VI of France confiscates Aquitaine. |
title: Bisham Abbey location: 51.556635 -0.779657 gregorian_date: 1337 AD year: 1337 month: 0 day: 0 event: Bisham Priory is founded in England. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1337 AD year: 1337 month: 0 day: 0 event: 1333–1337 – A famine in China kills six million. |
title: Portsmouth location: 50.8166634 -1.083333 gregorian_date: 1338 AD year: 1338 month: 0 day: 0 event: Philip VI of France besieges Guienne in Southwest France and his navy attacks Portsmouth in England. |
title: Nicomedia location: 40.7666636 29.916663 gregorian_date: 1338 AD year: 1338 month: 0 day: 0 event: Nicomedia is captured by the Ottoman Empire. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1340 AD year: 1340 month: 1 day: 26 event: January 26 – King Edward III of England is declared King of France. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1340 AD year: 1340 month: 6 day: 24 event: June 24 – The Battle of Sluys is fought between the naval fleets of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France. The former is under the command of Edward III of England and the latter under that of admiral Hugues Quiéret and treasurer Nicholas Béhuchet assisted by Genoese mercenary galleys under Egidio Bocanegra. The French fleet is virtually destroyed and both commanders are among the casualties. |
title: University of Oxford location: 51.7611 -1.2534 gregorian_date: 1341 AD year: 1341 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Queen's College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford, is founded. |
title: Tbilisi location: 41.7166638 44.7833302 gregorian_date: 1341 AD year: 1341 month: 0 day: 0 event: Tbilisi becomes a capital of European Christian Cathedra after city Smirna. George V (the brilliant) returns Jerusalem and Grave of Christ from Muslims. |
title: Lublin location: 51.2333324 22.5666644 gregorian_date: 1341 AD year: 1341 month: 0 day: 0 event: Casimir III of Poland build a masonry castle in Lublin and encircles the city with defensive walls. |
title: Yuan Dynasty location: 39.8999964 116.3833318 gregorian_date: 1341 AD year: 1341 month: 0 day: 0 event: The sultan of Delhi chooses Ibn Battuta to lead a diplomatic mission to Yuan Dynasty China. |
title: India location: 21 78 gregorian_date: 1341 AD year: 1341 month: 0 day: 0 event: The great flood in the river Periyar in what is now Kerala India which lead to the river changing its course, closing of the Kodungalloor (Muziris) harbour, opening up of Cochin (Kochi) harbour submersion of some islands and birth of some new islands. |
title: Damascus location: 33.513 36.292 gregorian_date: 1342 AD year: 1342 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Patriarch of Antioch is transferred to Damascus under Ignatius II. |
title: Vijayanagara Empire location: 15.333332 76.4666648 gregorian_date: 1342 AD year: 1342 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Vijayanagara Empire is established in South India. |
title: Estonia location: 59 26 gregorian_date: 1343 AD year: 1343 month: 4 day: 23 event: April 23 – The St. George's Night Uprising occurs in Estonia (-1345). |
title: Estonia location: 59 26 gregorian_date: 1344 AD year: 1344 month: 0 day: 0 event: Vesse, the rebel King of Saaremaa Island in Estonia, is hanged. |
title: Tenochtitlan location: 19.80782 -96.91595 gregorian_date: 1344 AD year: 1344 month: 0 day: 0 event: Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec civilization, is founded. |
title: Coventry location: 52.404831714 -1.506331308 gregorian_date: 1344 AD year: 1344 month: 0 day: 0 event: Bablake School was founded in Coventry, England by Queen Isabella. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1344 AD year: 1344 month: 0 day: 0 event: Famine in China. |
title: Kingdom of Aragon location: 41.6499974 -0.8999964 gregorian_date: 1344 AD year: 1344 month: 0 day: 0 event: King Peter IV of Aragon defeats and deposes his second-cousin once removed, James III of Majorca, thereby absorbing the Balearic Kingdom of Majorca into the Crown of Aragon, under the House of Barcelona. |
title: Zeeland location: 51.5666644 3.749997 gregorian_date: 1345 AD year: 1345 month: 0 day: 0 event: September – Holland, Hainaut and Zeeland are inherited by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor and remain part of the imperial crown domain until 1347. |
title: Holland location: 52.25 4.667 gregorian_date: 1345 AD year: 1345 month: 0 day: 0 event: September 26 – Battle of Warns: The Frisians defeat the forces of Holland under William IV, Count of Hainaut, in the midst of the Friso-Hollandic Wars. |
title: Gascony location: 43.977 -0.176 gregorian_date: 1345 AD year: 1345 month: 0 day: 0 event: 21 October – English victory at the Battle of Auberoche in Gascony. |
title: Gascony location: 43.977 -0.176 gregorian_date: 1345 AD year: 1345 month: 0 day: 0 event: December – English take Aiguillon in Gascony. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1346 AD year: 1346 month: 0 day: 0 event: July – Edward III orders closing of English ports to stop information reaching France. |
title: University of Valladolid location: 41.651330728 -4.719497122 gregorian_date: 1346 AD year: 1346 month: 0 day: 0 event: The University of Valladolid is founded. |
title: Hagia Sophia location: 41.005166646 28.974662768 gregorian_date: 1346 AD year: 1346 month: 0 day: 0 event: Repairs are made in the Hagia Sophia. |
title: English Channel location: 48.637164118 -4.568831058 gregorian_date: 1346 AD year: 1346 month: 3 day: 18 event: March 18 – French prepare to defend Channel coasts. |
title: Portsmouth location: 50.8166634 -1.083333 gregorian_date: 1346 AD year: 1346 month: 5 day: 0 event: May-June – An English invasion fleet assembles at Portsmouth. |
title: Brittany location: 48.0 -3.0 gregorian_date: 1346 AD year: 1346 month: 6 day: 9 event: June 9 – Battle of St Pol de Leon: English army defeats Charles of Blois in Brittany. |
title: Portsmouth location: 50.8166634 -1.083333 gregorian_date: 1346 AD year: 1346 month: 7 day: 3 event: July 3 – English fleet attempts to sail from Portsmouth to Normandy but is forced back by contrary winds. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1346 AD year: 1346 month: 7 day: 11 event: July 11 – July 12 – Edward III and the English army cross the English Channel and begin an invasion of France. |
title: Battle of Crécy location: 50.257 1.904 gregorian_date: 1346 AD year: 1346 month: 8 day: 26 event: August 26 – Battle of Crécy, in which the English defeat the French |
title: Battle of Neville's Cross location: 54.77599 -1.5971 gregorian_date: 1346 AD year: 1346 month: 10 day: 17 event: October 17 – Battle of Neville's Cross: English army defeats the Scots. |
title: Constantinople location: 41.01224 28.976018 gregorian_date: 1347 AD year: 1347 month: 0 day: 0 event: 2 February – The Byzantine civil war between John VI Kantakouzenos and the regency for John V Palaiologos ends with Kantakouzenos entering Constantinople. |
title: Majorca location: 39.6166642 2.9833294 gregorian_date: 1347 AD year: 1347 month: 0 day: 0 event: December – Plague hits the island of Majorca |
title: Bristol Channel location: 51.0166666 -4.5333312 gregorian_date: 1348 AD year: 1348 month: 0 day: 0 event: June – Two ships enter the Bristol Channel bringing the bubonic plague to England. |
title: Cairo location: 30.054833114 31.223999104 gregorian_date: 1348 AD year: 1348 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Black Death breaks out in Cairo. |
title: Cairo location: 30.054833114 31.223999104 gregorian_date: 1348 AD year: 1348 month: 0 day: 0 event: Estimation: Hangzhou in Mongolian China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Cairo, capital of Mamluk Egypt. |
title: France location: 47 2 gregorian_date: 1348 AD year: 1348 month: 0 day: 0 event: A truce is observed between England and France until 1532. |
title: Gonville and Caius College Cambridge location: 52.205878 0.117867 gregorian_date: 1348 AD year: 1348 month: 0 day: 0 event: Gonville Hall, the forerunner of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge is founded. |
title: Charles University in Prague location: 50.0884 14.4037 gregorian_date: 1348 AD year: 1348 month: 4 day: 7 event: April 7 – Charles University is founded in Prague. |
title: Weymouth Dorset location: 50.607830902 -2.45416485 gregorian_date: 1348 AD year: 1348 month: 6 day: 24 event: June 24 – The Black Death outbreak goes into full swing in Melcombe Regis (modern-day Weymouth, Dorset in England). |
title: Ibn Battuta location: 22.325165366 36.48749805 gregorian_date: 1349 AD year: 1349 month: 0 day: 0 event: Ibn Battuta arrives in Fez in Morocco. |
title: Colosseum location: 41.8874314503 12.4886930452 gregorian_date: 1349 AD year: 1349 month: 0 day: 0 event: An earthquake in Rome causes extensive damage, including the collapse of the southern exterior facade of the Colosseum. |
title: Switzerland location: 46.83333 8.333332 gregorian_date: 1349 AD year: 1349 month: 1 day: 9 event: January 9 – The Jewish population of Basel, Switzerland is rounded up and incinerated, believed by the residents to be the cause of the ongoing Black Death. |
title: Ireland location: 53 -7 gregorian_date: 1349 AD year: 1349 month: 5 day: 0 event: May – The Black Death ceases in Ireland. |
title: Elbląg location: 54.166666 19.3999984 gregorian_date: 1349 AD year: 1349 month: 8 day: 24 event: August 24 – The Black Death breaks out in Elbing (Poland). |
title: Holland location: 52.25 4.667 gregorian_date: 1350 AD year: 1350 month: 0 day: 0 event: 5 September – conservative noblemen in Holland found the Hook league |
title: Finland location: 65 27 gregorian_date: 1351 AD year: 1351 month: 0 day: 0 event: Vantaa, Finland is first mentioned. |
title: China location: 35.0 105.0 gregorian_date: 1351 AD year: 1351 month: 0 day: 0 event: The Mongolian-run Yuan Dynasty of China is permanently weakened by an uprising known as the Red Turban Rebellion. |